A/V Contractor
Supplier of technical staff and audiovisual equipment (e.g. projectors, screens, sound systems, video, and staging).
A/V Technician
An audiovisual professional who is responsible for the set-up, configuration or operation of lighting, sound, video, staging or other similar elements of an event function.
Abstract
1) Written summaries of speeches or papers, generally between 200-500 words.
2) A brief statement of content.
Abstract Board
Usually rolling corkboards used for attaching copies of research papers for authors to discuss with participants.
ACCED-I
Association of Collegiate Conference & Events Directors – International
Acceleration Clause
A provision sometimes used in contracts to accelerate deposit payment schedule or to demand full prepayment of master account in the event of a default or lack of credit by the organization. May also apply in other situations, such as assignments.
Acceptance
A requirement for entering into a binding contract. If a contract proposal (offer) is made, it is accepted if the offeree signs the offer as submitted. If the offeree makes any changes to the offer before signing, it is a counter offer, not acceptance.
Accepted Practices Exchange
APEX. An initiative of the meetings, conventions & exhibitions industry managed by the Convention Industry Council (CIC). APEX develops and manages the implementation of accepted practices (voluntary standards) for the industry.
Accessibility
Capable of being used by people with physical challenges and disabilities.
Accommodation
1) Any seat, berth, room, or service provided and/or sold to a guest, attendee or passenger.
2) A step taken to allow a person with a disability, as defined under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), to participate in an event.
Accreditation
Official authorization or approval; to provide with credentials; to recognize or vouch for as conforming with a standard; to recognize a post-secondary institution or degree-bearing program as meeting and maintaining academic standards.
Accrual Accounting
1) An accounting method that enters income and expenses into the books at the time of contract versus when payment is received or expenses incurred (cash accounting).
2) A system in which revenue and expenses are accounted for as soon as they are committed.
ACOM
Association for Convention Operation Management.
Act of God
An extraordinary natural event such as extreme weather, flood, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquake or similar natural disaster that cannot be reasonably foreseen or prevented over which a contracting party has no reasonable control, making performance of the contract illegal, impracticable or impossible, thus the parties have no legal responsibility to continue performance of the contract.
Action Station
Chefs prepare foods to order and serve them fresh to guests. Also called Performance Stations, Carving Stations, or Exhibition Cooking.
Actual Weight
Also known as gross shipping weight. Determined by (1) weighing a vehicle empty, (2) loading a shipment and returning the vehicle to the scale to obtain the weight, and (3) subtracting the two weights. Can also be obtained by individually weighing each piece of freight.
Ad Hoc Committee
Committee formed to deal with a specific issue to be resolved upon making its final report.
Ad Valorem Tax
Tax applied to an item according to the value of an item.
ADA
Americans with Disabilities Act. U.S. legislation passed in 1990 requiring public buildings (offices, hotels, restaurants, etc.) to make adjustments meeting minimum standards to make their facilities accessible to individuals with physical disabilities.
Additional Insured
An individual or organization listed as covered by a primary insurance agreement.
Adjoining Rooms
Rooms with common walls, which do not have connecting doors.
ADME
Association of Destination Management Executives.
Adult Learner
An adult who is usually pursuing education to attain a specific and practical goal.
Advance Order
An order for goods and/or services ordered before the move-in date for an exhibition. Usually less expensive than a FLOOR ORDER.
Advance Rate
Fees associated with advance orders, which typically include discounts when paid in advance.
Advance Registration
Booking before an event takes places. Allows attendees to register for an event before it actually takes place.
Advisory Board
A group that offers advice or counsel to event organizer, event management, or other organization on strategic options such as education content, exhibitor matters, contracting policies or other issues.
AED
Automated External Defibrillator. Device installed in many large public areas (e.g. airports, hotels, convention centers). Can be used by an individual to administer life-saving care to person experiencing a heart attack.
Affinity Group
Group sharing common interest, usually people who are members of an organization.
Agenda
A list or plan of items to considered, decided, undertaken, or accomplished at a meeting or event. Agendas are generally formal, structured lists and may include a time schedule.
Agent
1) Broadly, one who acts or has the power to act: more usually, one that acts as the representative of another. Most frequently in travel, a specific kind of agent such as a retail travel agent.
2) Person that obtains engagements for entertainers, is paid by the entertainers and has no contract for production responsibilities.
3) Person in a speaker bureau/agency that acts on behalf of the seller (speaker) or on behalf of the buyer (customer).
AH&LA
American Hotel and Lodging Association.
Air Consignment Note
A bill of lading that covers domestic and international flights transporting goods to a specified destination.
Air Wall
Movable, track-mounted barrier that partitions a large area such as a ballroom or exhibition hall into smaller sections. May be sound resistant, but not necessarily sound proof.
Airfreight Forwarder
An airfreight company that transports freight via scheduled airlines. Forwarders do not operate their own planes.
Aisle
1) Area between a booths/stands for attendee traffic movement.
2) Space between tables or chairs to allow passage of an audience.
All-Risks Insurance
Insurance against loss of or damage to property arising from any fortuitous cause except those that are specifically excluded. An insurance contract which provides All-Risks Insurance is an All-Risks policy.
Alternate Media
Alternatives to print materials (e.g. Braille, large print, etc.), telecommunications, computers, and other electronic media provided to assist people with disabilities in achieving full participation.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Methods for resolving disputes without going to court.
Ambient Light
1) Level of illumination from natural lighting sources already existing in an environment.
2) Uncontrolled and unintended illumination.
AMCI
AMC (Association Management Company) Institute.
American Breakfast
A meal of fruits and/ or juices, cereal, eggs, meat, bakery goods and hot or cold beverages.
American Plan
A type of hotel rate that includes the price of the room and all meals. Also Called FULL AMERICAN PLAN (FAP). See INCLUSIVE RATE.
American Service
Food is plated in the kitchen and placed before the guest. Side dishes are used for bread and butter and salad. Food is served from the left, beverages from the right, and all items are removed from the right. This is generally the service used for banquets.
Americans with Disabilities Act
ADA. U.S. legislation passed in 1992 requiring public buildings (offices, hotels, restaurants, etc.) to make adjustments meeting minimum standards to make their facilities accessible to individuals with physical disabilities. See ADA.
AMMC
Alliance of Meeting Management Consultants
ammenity
One Per Fifty. Facility complimentary room policy: one complimentary room night for every fifty room nights picked up and paid for. While 1/50 was once the standard, the complimentary policies vary per hotel and/or event.
Amphitheater
An outdoor facility with a flat performance area surrounded by a sloped seating area for the audience. The seating area is usually a semi-circular shape or adapted to the surrounding landscape.
Analog
A method of conveying audio or video data electronically in by varying its signal frequency or amplitude.
Andragogy
The art and science of helping adults learn as opposed to pedagogy, which is the science of helping children learn.
Antitrust Laws
Laws designed to promote competition and prevent unfair practices that may lead to monopolies or suppression of competition.
Application Service Provider
ASP. A company that provides software to customers through the Internet using centralized servers owned and managed by the provider.
Apron
Part of a stage in front of the main curtain.
Arbitration
Private dispute resolution process, often referred to as alternate dispute resolution, in which the parties agree to submit their dispute to an impartial third party for a decision. Depending on the type of arbitration, the arbitrator’s decision may or may not be binding. Several organizations, including the American Arbitration Association and JAMS-Endispute, handle arbitration claims. Courts may require some disputes be submitted to arbitration instead of or prior to the formal trial process.
Arc Light
A light source providing high-intensity light utilizing a positive and negative metal rod (instead of a light bulb) for large screens or long projection distances; also used in follow spotlights; replaced by xenon lamps in the 1980s.
Arena
Facility type featuring a large flat main floor surrounded by fixed seats in a sloping oval or modified oval shape, much steeper that the typical theater. Some are arranged in two or more tiers. Sight lines are nearly always designed for events the size of a hockey floor, circus, ice show, or basketball court.
Arranged Environment
A learning environment with planned physical set-up and seating arrangements.
Arrival/Departure Pattern
A description of arrival and departure activities of an event’s attendees. This information should be included in the specifications guide for an event.
ASAE
American Society of Association Executives.
ASCAP
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers. A membership organization that represents individuals who hold the copyrights to music written in the United States and grants licensing agreements for the performance of that music.
Aspect Ratio
The ratio of image width to height; pertaining to audiovisual, video and slides.
Assembly
1) A general or formal meeting of an organization attended by representatives of its members for the purpose of deciding legislative direction, policy matters, holding elections, or conducting governance business of the organization. Consequently, an assembly usually observes certain rules of procedure for its meetings; generally prescribed in its Articles & By-laws.
2) The process of erecting display component parts into a complete exhibit.
Association
An organized group of individuals and/or companies who band together to accomplish a common purpose, usually to provide for the needs of its members. Usually nonprofit.
Asynchronous Learning
Asynchronous learning is a student-centered teaching method that uses online learning resources to facilitate information sharing outside the constraints of time and place among a network of people. Typically this is on-demand and can be video-on-demand (VoD), audio-on-demand (AoD), correspondence courses, email messages, bulletin boards, etc.
ATA Carnet
An international customs document that permits duty-free and tax-free temporary import of goods for up to one year. It eliminates or reduces VAT charges, customs fees, and bond fees. The initials “ATA” are an acronym of the French and English words “Admission Temporaire/Temporary Admission.” ATA Carnets cover commercial samples; professional equipment; and, goods for presentation or use at trade fairs, shows, exhibitions, etc. Items not covered are consumable or disposable goods, which will not be returned home.
Attrition
The difference between the actual number of sleeping rooms picked-up (or food-and-beverage covers or revenue projections) and the number or formulas agreed to in the terms of the facility’s contract. Usually there is an allowable shortfall before damages are assessed.
Audience Count
The number of people in an audience. s involved in crowd control are usually reliable.
Audience Left and Right
Stage directions from the audience’s perspective. This is the opposite of STAGE LEFT AND RIGHT.
Audience Response System
Computer application that enables voting and then collects and displays the results, simplifying decision-making among event participants.
Audioconference
A conference using only voice transmissions between two or more sites.
Audiovisual
Also “A/V”. Equipment, materials, and teaching aids used in sound and visual presentations, such as video projection, monitors, sound equipment, etc.
Audit
1) A methodical examination and review of records pertaining to an event. For instance, an independent verification of attendance figures submitted by an exhibition’s producers.
2) An unbiased examination and evaluation of the financial statements of an organization. It can be done internally (by employees of the organization) or externally (by an outside firm).
Auditorium
Room for gathering an audience for speeches, concerts etc. Often used to name entire facilities, though properly applied only to the seated portion of the facility in which the audience is assembled. Typically a building named in this way will be an arena or theater class building.
Auditorium Set-Up
Seating arrangement where chairs are arranged in rows facing head table, stage or speaker. Variations are semicircular and V-shaped. See THEATER SET-UP.
Authorized Signatory
A person who is authorized to legally bind an individual or organization to a contract, to sign checks on behalf of an organization, or charge to an organization’s master account.
Average Room Rate
1) Mathematical average of a series of sleeping room rates.
2) The total sleeping room revenue for a given period’s occupied rooms divided by the number of rooms occupied for the same period. In this instance the average is commonly referred to as a hotel’s Average Daily Rate (ADR).
Back Drape
A drape, curtain or fabric panel that provides a soft, colorful background for a speaker or stage presentation.
back drop
A term used to describe the type of reservation made on function space within a venue (hotel, convention center, etc.). An event organizer who has 24-hour hold on a space has exclusive use and access to that space for a period of 24-hours, usually 12:01 am – 12:00 pm.
Back Light
1) A light source that illuminates any transparent or translucent material from behind.
2) A lighting instrument used behind and above a presenter to give more depth and better image to video projection or recording.
Back of the House
A term used in hotels to refer to areas for staff only, as opposed to the front of the house.
Backbone
A permanently installed series of copper wire or fiber optic cabling that provides the main infrastructure for transmitting voice, data, and video signals within a facility.
Backdrop
Drapes, curtain, or fabric panels at the back of a stage, speaker’s table, or exhibit booth/stand.
Backline Equipment
Equipment such as amplifiers and sound equipment required by musicians in order to perform at an engagement, often rented by the event organizer.
Backwall
1) The back wall (either hardwall or draped) of a perimeter, booth/stand/exhibit, or inline.
2) Panel arrangement at rear of booth/stand area.
Balance Sheet
A financial status at a given time (includes liabilities, assets, etc.).
Bandwidth
The data transmission rate on an information channel such as a telephone line, ISDN, or Ethernet. Higher bandwidth means that images and sound will be transmitted faster for use in videoconferences or video streaming.
Bank Guarantee Cash Deposit
Payable by the exhibitor to the forwarder, Customs agent, or official authorities in place of a temporary import bond to ensure the amount requested is the minimum amount of import duties and taxes that would be paid in case of final import.
Banquet
An elaborate, and often ceremonial, dinner for numerous people, often in honor of a particular person or persons.
Banquet Captain
Person in charge of banquet service at food functions. For small functions, also serves as maitre d. For larger functions, may be responsible for a specific area of the dining room.
Banquet Event Order
BEO. A form most often used by hotels to provide details to personnel concerned with a specific food and beverage function or event room set-up.
Banquet Manager
A person in charge of banquet service.
Banquet Round
Round table used for meal service; depending on the diameter, can comfortably seat up to 12 persons. A round for 8 is usually 60-inches in diameter, and a round for 10 is usually 72-inches in diameter. Rounds that are 66 inches in diameter may also be found in use for tables of 8-10.
Banquet Set-Up
1) Seating arrangement where typically a grouping of rounds is set in such a way as to facilitate the serving of food, most often a hexagonal or square pattern.
2) Function-room set up and tear down. See HOUSEMAN.
Bare Booth/Stand
Booth/stand with no services or facilities, meaning that these all have to be hired at an additional cost.
Barn Door
Movable hinged flap used on stage lights to control light spill.
Barrier-Free
Absence of obstacles preventing handicapped persons from moving freely to all public areas within a building.
Base Currency
Currency in which all official business transactions will take place.
Base Plate
Plate used under bowl, glass, condiments, and so forth.
Batten
BATS. Lengths of pipe from which scenery, curtains, and lights can be hung.
Beaded Screen
Type of screen with highly reflective surface used for front projection.
Bed Tax
See TRANSIENT OCCUPANCY TAX.
Bell Captain
A hotel employee who supervises the work of staff whose primary responsibility is to carry luggage, run errands, etc.
Bermuda Plan
Hotel accommodations with full American-style breakfast included in the rate.
Bid
A proposal submitted by a convention & visitors bureau and/or hotel(s) or other suppliers to an event organizer that includes detailed specifications (such as dates, rates, concessions, etc.)
Bill of Lading
B/L. A document that establishes the terms of a contract between a shipper and a transportation company under which freight is to be moved between specified points for a specified charge. It serves as a document of title, a contract of carriage, and a receipt of goods.
Billing Weight
Generally refers to airfreight and van line shipments. The billing weight is the number upon which freight charges are based. The billing weight will be the actual weight or the dimensional weight, whichever is greater.
Black Light
Ultraviolet lighting that when applied causes phosphorescent paints to glow.
Black Tie
Required dress: dinner jacket, bow tie and cummerbund for the men and formal evening dress for the women. May include national dress. In the U.S. and Canada, Black Tie indicates Tuxedo. “Black tie optional” indicates that formal dress is preferred but not required.
Blind Commission
A commission that is paid by a hotel to a third party that reimburses for services and comes out of the hotel sleeping room rate, but is not disclosed to the guests or the event organizer.
Blue Laws
In the United States, state or local laws that regulate the types of businesses that must be closed, or the types of products that may not be sold on Sundays.
Blueline
Final proof copy for client’s approval before printing. Also referred to as a proof.
BMI
Broadcast Music Incorporated. A music licensing organization that represents individuals who hold the copyrights to music written in the United States. It grants licensing agreements for the performance of music.
Boardroom
A room set permanently in a conference configuration, generally with a fixed table and executive seating.
Boardroom Set-Up
Seating arrangement in which rectangle or oval shaped tables are set up with chairs on both sides and ends. Often confused with HOLLOW SQUARE SET-UP.
Bonded Warehouse
A warehouse authorized by customs authorities for storage of goods on which payment of duties is deferred until the goods are removed.
Bonding
The purchase, for a premium, of a guarantee of protection for a supplier or a customer. In the hospitality industry, certain bonding programs are mandatory.
Boneyard
Storage area where equipment is stored during an exhibition. This area may be located within the exhibition hall in an unused portion of the floor.
Booking Policy
Guidelines by which a convention center (or other venue) prioritizes reservations; may correspond to hotel rooms the event will use in the area.
Booth
Specific exhibit display area assigned by show management to an exhibitor under contractual agreement. Internationally, the term STAND is used. See STAND.
Brainstorming
Group sessions in which all participants contribute creative ideas which are not initially judged for merit.
Break
Short interval between sessions at which time coffee, tea and/or other refreshments are served.
Break-Even Point
The point at which revenues are equal to expenses.
Break-Out Rooms
Small function rooms set up for a group within an event as opposed to a plenary or general session.
Break-Out Sessions
Small group sessions, panels, workshops or presentations, offered concurrently within an event. Break-Out Sessions occur apart from the general session.
Broker
A non-asset based transportation provider that sells transportation services for commercial shippers. Brokers commonly use freight forwarders.
Budget
A statement of estimated revenues and expenditures for a specified period of time; divided into subject categories and arranged by principal areas of revenue and expense.
Budget Philosophy
Financial goal of the event (break even, profit or lose money).
Buffet
Assortment of foods, offered on a table, self-served.
Butler Service
1) Servers offer a variety of both hot and cold hors d’oeuvres on platters to guests at receptions.
2) A style of table service where guests serve themselves from platters presented by the server.
3) Specialized in-room service offered by a hotel.
Buying Agent
An agent who purchases goods on behalf of a company or agency.
Buzz Session
Method to increase audience participation by dividing all participants in discussion groups each of which reports the group’s findings and opinions during a following plenary session.
By the Bottle
Liquor served and charged for by the full bottle.
By the Drink
Liquor served and charged for by the number of drinks served.
By the Person
A fixed price per attendee; covers all consumption of food and beverage at a function, within a given time frame; usually includes beverages, snacks or hors d’oeuvres. In some cases, beverages are purchased by the person, while food is ordered by the piece.
By the Piece
Food purchased by the individual piece, usually for a reception.
C&F
Cost and Freight. A pricing term indicating that these costs are included in the quoted price.
C&I
Cost and Insurance. A pricing term indicating that these costs are included in the quoted price.
Cabana
Room adjacent to pool area, with or without sleeping facilities.
Cabaret Set-up
Room arrangement with cocktail tables with chairs and a stage.
Cabaret Table
Small round table, 15- 30 inches in diameter (38-76 centimeters) used for cocktail type parties. Also Called COCKTAIL TABLE.
CAD/CAM
Computer Assisted Drawing/Computer Assisted Manufacturing.
CADD
Computer Aided Design and Drafting.
CAE
Certified Association Executive.
Cafeteria Service
A food service operation in which customers carry their own trays and select food from a display counter or counters. It is similar to a buffet, but food is served by attendants.
Call Brand
Brand of liquor, distinguished from HOUSE BRAND, selected by a customer according to personal preference. Usually a higher quality than house brands.
Call for Papers
1) An invitation to submit topic ideas for the conference program.
2) Document containing detailed instructions for submission of papers for assessment and selection by a review committee; often referred to as “Abstract Forms.” Also known as “Call for Presentations”.
Campus Housing
Dormitory or other university/college sleeping accommodations.
Canadian Customs Invoice
Document required by Canadian Customs identifying shipper, seller, consignee, terms, date of shipment, material being sold/shipped, classification code, quantity, unit and total prices. Additional information required on the invoice depends on shipper and consignee arrangements.
Cancellation Clause
Provision in a contract which outlines damages to be paid to the non-canceling party if cancellation occurs, due the canceling party’s breach of the contract.
Cancellation or Interruption Insurance
Insurance that protects a event organizer against financial loss or expenses incurred when contractually specified perils necessitate canceling or relocating a event, or cause a reduction in attendance.
Cancellation/No-Show Percentage
A factor included in WASHThe number or percentage of reserved rooms that do not actualize into occupied rooms due to guest cancelations or no-shows.
Cancelled Business
Business that was confirmed definite by contract and was later cancelled.
Captain
Person in charge of banquet service at food functions; supervisor of the servers.
Carbon Neutral
Carbon neutral is the point at which enough carbon is offset or sequestered to cover a specific amount of carbon generated by a manufacturing process, transportation method, product usage, building or individual.
Cargo Insurance
Additional coverage protecting the owner of goods for loss or damage while goods are in a carrier’s possession. Recommended for all international shipments.
Carnet
(car-NAY) A customs document permitting the holder to carry or send merchandise temporarily into certain foreign countries (for display, demonstration or similar purposes) without paying duties or posting bonds.
Cartage
1) Fee charged for transporting freight between destinations.
2) Short distance hauling of exhibit properties.
Cash Accounting
A system in which revenue and expenses are counted as they are actually received.
Cash Bar
Private room bar set up where guests pay for drinks individually.
Cash Based Accounting
An accounting method that enters income and expenses into the books at the time when payment is received or expenses incurred.
Cash Registration
Full payment for anticipated room and tax charges at registration; credit for incidentals not extended.
Cash Reservation
Payment with reservation for full or part of stay.
Casualty Insurance
A type of insurance that is primarily concerned with the legal liability for losses caused by injury to persons or damage to the property of others.
Category Cable
(Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable or UTP) Usually referred to as Cat followed by a numeral between and 1 and 7. Cat 5 or Cat 5e cabling, required for Fast Ethernet, is the most commonly available. See BACKBONE.
Catering Sales Manager
Staff person responsible for selling and servicing group and local food and beverage functions.
CDME
Certified Destination Marketing Executive. A certification of the Destination Marketing Association International (DMAI).
CEC
Continuing Education Credit. Requirement of many professional groups by which members must certify participation in formal educational programs designed to maintain their level of ability beyond their original certification date. See CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIT (CEU).
Ceiling Height
Maximum height of ceiling of an exhibition hall or event room.
CEIR
Center for Exhibition Industry Research.
Century Weight
CWT. A measurement for exhibit freight equal to 100 pounds. Also known as “hundred-weight”.
Certificate of Insurance
A document provided by an insurance company as proof that a policy has been issued and coverage is in effect.
Certificate of Origin
A document, required by certain countries for tariff purposes, certifying as to the country of origin of specified goods.
Certification in Meeting Management
CMM. A certification offered by Meeting Professionals International.
Certified Association Executive
CAE. A certification offered by the American Society of Association Executives.
Certified Destination Marketing Executive
CDME. A certification offered by Destination Marketing Association International (DMAI).
Certified Exhibition Manager
CEM. A certification offered by the International Association of Exhibitions and Events (IAEE).
Certified Hospitality Marketing Executive
CHME. A certification offered by the Hospitality Sales & Marketing Association International (HSMAI).
Certified Hospitality Sales Professional
CHSP. A certification offered by the American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute.
Certified Hotel Administrator
CHA. A certification offered by the American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute.
Certified Incentive Travel Executive
CITE. A certification offered by the Society of Incentive & Travel Executives (SITE).
Certified Manager of Exhibits
CME. A certification offered by the Trade Show Exhibitors Association (TSEA).
Certified Meeting Professional
CMP. A certification offered by the Convention Industry Council (CIC).
Certified Speaking Professional
CSP. A certification offered by the National Speakers Association (NSA).
Certified Special Events Professional
CSEP. A certification offered by the International Special Event Society (ISES).
Certified Weight
An official weight issued from a Certified Weight Master. This individual certifies a shipment’s weight as the only acceptable weight for transportation and drayage at a tradeshow.
CESSE
Council of Engineering and Scientific Society Executives.
CEU
See CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIT.
CHA
Certified Hotel Administrator. A certification offered by the American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute.
Change Order
Facility form to advise departments of changes in reservations or functions.
Chart of Accounts
A detailed list of the individual line items that make up the revenue and expense categories in a budget. A numbering system used to identify every line item in a budget, so income and expenses are posted to the correct accounts.
Charter
1) Exclusive use of all or some space on an airplane, bus, ship, or other vehicle for a special period of time and for a specific itinerary.
2) To create a new association, organization or chapter of an association or organization.
Check-In Time
Time at which hotel guests may check in and occupy sleeping rooms.
Check-Out Time
Time by which hotel guests are required to vacate sleeping rooms.
Cherry Picker
Equipment capable of lifting a person or persons to a given height.
Chevron Set-Up
Seating arrangement in which chairs /or chairs or tables are arranged in rows slanted in a V shape and separated by a center aisle. They face the head table or speaker.
CHME
Certified Hospitality Marketing Executive. A certification offered by the Hospitality Sales & Marketing Association International (HSMAI).
CIC
Convention Industry Council. A federation of national and international organizations representing individuals, firms or properties involved in the meetings, conventions, exhibitions and events industries.
CIF
Cost, Insurance, Freight. A pricing term indicating that these costs are included in the quoted price.
CIF&C
Cost, Insurance, Freight, and Commission. A pricing term indicating that these costs are included in the quoted price.
CIF&E
Cost, Insurance, Freight, and Exchange. A pricing term indicating that these costs are included in the quoted price.
CITE
Certified Incentive Travel Executive. A designation offered by the Society of Incentive & Travel Executives (SITE).
Citywide Event
An event that requires the use of a convention center or event complex, as well as multiple hotels in the host city.
Classification
Commodity tariff used to classify shipments. Shipments are evaluated by their density, sensitivity, packaging and other criteria. Rates are assessed on a shipment after a commodity classification is established.
Classroom Set-Up
Seating arrangement in which rows of tables with chairs face the front of a room and each person has a space for writing. Also Called SCHOOLROOM SET-UP.
Classroom Table
Rectangular table, often narrower than regular tables and 30-inches high. Can be 6′ or 8′ long and 18- or 24-inches wide.
Clean Bill of Lading
A receipt for goods issued by a carrier with an indication that the goods were received in apparent good order and condition, without damages or other irregularities. See FOUL BILL OF LADING.
Clean Draft
A draft to which no documents have been attached.
Clear Date/Time
Generally the last point in time at which an exhibitor-appointed carrier must be in line or at the dock in order to be loaded after the close of the show.
Climate Neutral
Climate Neutral products or services reduce and offset the greenhouse gases generated at each stage of their life-cycle on a cradle-to-cradle basis: the sourcing of their materials, their manufacturing or production, their distribution, use, and ultimate end-of-life disposition.
Clinic
Workshop-type educational experience where participants learn by doing.
Closed-Ended Incentive Programs
The number of winners are limited by a predetermined amount to be spent on the incentive program.
Closing Ceremony
Final activities at an event which occur during the closing or last session.
Closing Session
The final session of an event in which the subjects which have been discussed are summarized and possible conclusions reached and announced.
Co-Location
To hold two related events at the same time and in the same place.
Cocktail Table
Small round table, 15- 30 inches in diameter (38-76 centimeters) used for cocktail type parties. Also Called CABARET TABLE.
CODEC
Compression/Decompression or Coder/Decoder. Videoconferencing standard, included in hardware and/or software, used to compress or code video, audio, and data signals for transmission and decompress or decode the signal at the other end of the transmission.
Collateral
1) Assets that can be pledged to guarantee a loan.
2) The promotional material used by the salespeople to support or corroborate the features and benefits of the item being sold.
3) Collective term for material distributed to attendees at registration, including badges, lanyards, tote bags, agenda and other materials.
Collection and Consolidation Service
Service performed for a shipper in which a number of smaller shipments are picked up or received and forwarded as one truckload shipment.
Colloquium
An informal meeting for the purpose of discussion; usually of an academic or research nature and in order to ascertain areas of mutual interest through exchange of ideas. Conducted as and when convenient, but with little regularity.
Commission
A payment made to an individual or organization for bringing business to another individual or organization.
Commissionable Rate Commitment
A contract in which the room rate to be charged to attendees includes a commission to be paid to either the sponsoring group or a third party such as a travel agent or independent event planning or site selection organization.
Committee
A group of people appointed for a specific purpose.
Common Carrier
Transportation company which handles crated materials; an agency or business that is available to the public for transportation of persons, goods, or messages; usually referring to freight transportation on regularly scheduled trucks or airplanes.
Complete Meeting Package
CMP. An all-inclusive plan offered by conference centers; includes lodging, all meals and support services.
Complimentary Ratio
The number of rooms provided at no cost based on the number of occupied rooms.
Concessions
1) Merchandise or refreshments sold on site, to individuals, in conjunction with an event.
2) Contractual agreement where one party provides something of value to the other party in exchange for something else, pending certain conditions.
Conclave
Gathering of a group with shared or special interests. Traditionally refers to meetings of a confidential or secret nature with restricted or limited participation. From the Latin for “with key”, referring to a historical practice of sequestering participants.
Concurrent Sessions
Multiple sessions scheduled at the same time. Programs on different themes or subjects offered simultaneously.
Conference
1) Participatory meeting designed for discussion, fact-finding, problem solving and consultation.
2) An event used by any organization to meet and exchange views, convey a message, open a debate or give publicity to some area of opinion on a specific issue. No tradition, continuity or timing is required to convene a conference. Conferences are usually of short duration with specific objectives, and are generally on a smaller scale than congresses or conventions.
Conference Center
A facility that provides a dedicated environment for events, especially small events. May be certified by the International Association of Conference Centers.
Conference Officer/Organizer
Title generally conferred upon the chief administrator of the entire event.
Conference Service Manager
Primary contact person assigned to an event in a convention center. Also referred to as EVENTS MANAGER.
Conference Set-Up
Seating arrangement in which rectangular or oval tables are set up with chairs placed around all sides.
Confirmed Letter of Credit
A letter of credit, issued by a foreign bank, whose validity has been confirmed by an American bank. An exporter whose payment terms are a confirmed letter of credit is assured of payment even if the foreign buyer or the foreign bank defaults. See LETTER OF CREDIT.
Congress
1) The regular coming together of large groups of individuals, generally to discuss a particular subject. A congress will often last several days and have several simultaneous sessions. The length of time between congresses is usually annual, although some are on a less frequent basis. Most international or world congresses are latter type; national congresses are more frequently held annually.
2) European term for convention.
Connecting Rooms
In a hotel, a configuration of two or more guest rooms with private connecting doors permitting access between rooms without exiting into a public corridor.
Consecutive Interpretation
Oral translation of several phrases or entire speeches from one language to another. Speaker pauses between phrases to allow for interpretation.
Consideration
The inducement to a contract. The cause, motive, price, or impelling influence which induces a contracting party to enter a contract.
Consignee
Recipient. The person, people, or organization to whom something is delivered or addressed. Compare with CONSIGNOR.
Consignor
A person who sends freight. Compare with CONSIGNEE.
Consular Declaration
A formal statement, made to the consul of a country, describing goods to be shipped.
Consular Invoice
A document, required by some countries, describing a shipment of goods and showing information such as the consignor, consignee, and value of the shipment. Certified by a consular official of the foreign country, it is used by that country’s customs officials to verify the value, quantity, and nature of the shipment.
Consumer Show
Exhibition that is open to the public, usually requiring an entrance fee.
Container Detention
A charge that is assessed when the container is removed from the carrier’s control but is not returned within the allowable free time.
Continental Breakfast
Light morning meal consisting of pastries, juices, and hot beverages. Usually served buffet style.
Continental Plan
A room rate that includes a continental breakfast.
Continuing Education
Structured educational and training experiences for personal or professional development.
Continuing Education Unit
CEU. Non-academic credit unit conferred by professional organizations for formal educational programs for members who must maintain their level of professionalism.
Contract
An agreement between two or more parties that creates in each party a duty to do or not do something and a right to performance of the other’s duty or a remedy for the breach of the other’s duty.
Contract Carrier
Trucking company that enters into a specific contract with a shipper to transport goods for an agreed-upon price. Contained within the contract are all the terms and conditions, liability, transit times, etc.
Contractor
An individual or organization providing services to a meeting or trade show and/or its exhibitors. May be Official (appointed by show management) or Independent (appointed by exhibitor). Typically refers to either a general service contractor or specialty contractor.
Controversy Panel
To stimulate interest and debate, arrange for two or three views of a controversial issue to be presented.
Convener
Member of committee in charge of convening participants.
Convention
Gathering of delegates, representatives, and members of a membership or industry organization convened for a common purpose. Common features include educational sessions, committee meetings, social functions, and meetings to conduct the governance business of the organization. Conventions are typically recurring events with specific, established timing.
Convention and Visitors Bureau
CVB. A not-for-profit organization, defined and recognized by it’s incorporated local government entity as the representative organization responsible for promoting the economic development of their community through travel and tourism. CVBs assist planners by providing information on local resources and services, including site selection, pre-conference and post-convention services.
Convention Center
Facility whose purpose it is to host trade shows, public shows, conventions, and other large functions and that combines exhibition space with a substantial number of smaller meeting and event spaces. A convention center may be purpose-built or converted and municipally or privately owned.
Convention Services Manager
CSM. Professional at a hotel, convention center or convention bureau who is responsible for event operations management on all levels.
Copyright
Laws that allow for the ownership of intellectual property ( such as writings, art, music). Copy-written material cannot be used without the owner’s permission or the payment of royalty fees.
Corkage
A charge placed on beer, liquor, and wine brought into a facility but purchased elsewhere.
Corner Booth/Stand
An exhibit space with exposure on at least two aisles, often sold by show managers at a premiums rate.
Corporate Rate
Special rate for sleeping rooms or other goods and services that is made available to business travelers. These rates may vary by corporation, depending on the negotiated agreement.
Corporate Travel
The market segment comprised of groups or individuals that work for a given company and are traveling for business reasons at the company’s expense.
Countervailing Duty
An extra duty imposed by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury to offset export grants, bounties, or subsidies paid to foreign suppliers in certain countries by the governments of those countries as an incentive to exports.
Country of Origin
A person’s country of natural birth or citizenship; an item’s country of manufacture, production, or agricultural growth.
Courier
1) European term for a travel professional who supervises arrival details and escorts tours.
2) A messenger or messenger service.
Cover
1) Table setting for one person.
2) Actual number of meals, or servings, served at a food function.
3) Dome placed over a plate, used to keep food warm/cold.
Covers
Actual number of meals served at a catered meal function or in a restaurant.
CPCE
Certified Professional Catering Executive. A certification offered by the National Association of Catering Executives (NACE).
Credentials Committee
Committee formed to verify that individuals have the necessary qualifications to attend a meeting, cast votes at a meeting, or become a member of an association.
Crescent-Round Set-Up
Seating at round tables with chairs placed at two thirds to three quarters of the table and no seating with backs to the speaker. Used for banquet-to-meeting or meeting-to-banquet quick set.
Cross Aisle
A smaller aisle perpendicular to a larger main aisle.
CSEP
Certified Special Event Professional. A designation offered by the International Special Events Society (ISES).
CSP
Certified Speaking Professional. A designation offered by the National Speakers Association (NSA).
Customs
The governmental authorities designated to collect duties levied by a country on imports and exports. The term also applies to the procedures involved in such collection.
Customs Broker
An individual or company which provides customs clearing services to shippers of goods to and from another country.
Customs House
An individual or firm licensed to enter and clear goods through customs.
Cut-Off Date
Designated date when a hotel will release any unsold sleeping rooms in a group block and make them available to the general public. The date is typically three to four weeks before the event. See RESERVATION REVIEW DATE.
Cut-Off Time
A specific point in time at which the exhibition contractor will cease (for the day) all unloading or loading activities. In transportation environment this refers to the specific time a shipment must be tendered to a carrier in order to receive service that day. For example, a flight that departs at 10:00 p.m. may have a cargo cut-off time of 7:00 p.m.
CVA
Convention & Visitors Authority.
CVB
Convention and Visitors Bureau. CVBs are not-for-profit organizations representing a specific destination and promoting the economic development of communities through travel and tourism. CVBs assist planners by providing information and services, and encourage business travelers and visitors alike to visit local historic, cultural and recreational sites.
Dais
Raised platform usually above the floor of a hall or large room.
Damage Clause
Part of a contract dealing with procedures, penalties, and rights of the party causing damages.
Data Projector
A self-contained unit with a LCD panel, light source and lens that projects video output from a computer onto a projection screen or other surface. See LCD PROJECTOR.
Debate
A discussion which takes place within a meeting, a public or private sitting or in one of the various types of assembly or meeting.
Declared Value
Shipper’s stated value of entire shipment in terms of dollars.
Décor
Props, lighting, or other decorative elements used to create a theme, ambiance or mood at a function or special event.
Decorator
An individual or company providing installation & dismantle and booth/stand and hall dressing services for a trade show and/or its exhibitors. Decorator services may be provided by carpenters, sign painters or others depending upon union jurisdiction. Term applies to both contractor and skilled craftsperson. See GENERAL SERVICE CONTRACTOR.
Definite Booking
Space reservations confirmed in writing.
Delegate rate
Outside of North America, a general term for registered meeting participant. In some instances a voting representative at a meeting.
Demi-Pension
A rate inclusive of breakfast and dinner, in addition to the room. In the U.S. and Canada it is called Modified American Plan (MAP), which means breakfast and one other meal (usually dinner).
Desktop Publishing
Using a personal computer to prepare materials for printing.
destination management company
Complimentary items provided by a hotel in sleeping rooms such as toiletries, writing supplies, bathrobes, fruit baskets, and shoe shine mitts.
Destination Management Company
DMC. A professional services company possessing extensive local knowledge, expertise and resources, specializing in the design and implementation of events, activities, tours, transportation and program logistics.
Destination Marketing Organization
DMO. A not-for-profit organization, defined and recognized by it’s incorporated local government entity as the representative organization responsible for promoting the economic development of their community through travel and tourism. DMOs assist planners by providing information on local resources and services, including site selection, pre-conference and post-convention services.
Dine Around
Use of a number of restaurants in a destination with reservations and billing arrangements to one particular client.
Direct Spending
All expenditures associated with an event that flow into the host destination’s local economy. Direct spending includes attendee spending, exhibitor spending and event organizer spending.
Discussion Group
A group of participants in a separate debate within some types of meetings. Similar to a working group but with no expectation of reports or papers.
Display Rules & Regulations
A set of specifications for exhibit construction endorsed by all major exhibit industry associations. Also refers to the individual additional rules which may be adopted by event management. Guidelines are provided by the International Association of Exhibition Executives.
Distance Learning
A type of education where learners can communicate with faculty and other learners via email, electronic forums, chat, webconferencing and other forms of online communication. Includes correspondence courses, audio, video and internet delivery. Meeting and event Web sites can facilitate distance learning by offering online educational programs.
DMAI
Destination Marketing Association International.
DMC
Destination Management Company.
DMC Consortium
National and/or international alliances of destination management companies who form select communities for the purpose of sharing collective efforts for business sharing, education, ethics and destination management industry monitoring.
DMCP
Destination Management Certified Professional. A certification offered by the Association of Destination Management Executives (ADME).
Dock Receipt
A receipt issued by an ocean carrier to acknowledge receipt of a shipment at the carrier’s dock or warehouse facilities. See WAREHOUSE RECEIPT.
Double Booking
1) Reserving space for two groups to use the same space at the same time and neither can be fully accommodated as contracted.
2) An organization reserving space in more than one venue for the same event.
3) Two or more reservations made for the same traveler for the same dates.
Double Cloth
Use of two tablecloths on a banquet table for decorative purposes, to muffle sound, or to attach to skirting. Usually two different colors are used. See OVERLAY.
Double Room
A hotel guest room that may be occupied by two persons.
Double Room Rate
The price per person for a double-occupancy hotel guest room.
Double-Double Room
A hotel guest room with two double beds.
Downstage
Front of the stage, closest to the audience.
Dram Shop Laws
In the United States, a term for laws covering the liability of people serving alcoholic beverages. Under dram shop laws, a party injured by an intoxicated person can sue establishments contributing to that person’s intoxication.
Draped Booth/Stand
A booth/stand where the back and side walls are constructed using pipe and drape (typically provided by management).
Drayage
Outdated term for MATERIAL HANDLING
Drayage Contractor
Outdated term for company responsible for handling exhibit materials. See MATERIAL HANDLING.
Dress Code
Required or suggested acceptable manner or style of dress for an occasion or event.
Dressing the Exhibit
Placing graphics, plants, literature and applying any finishing touches to the display.
Duoserve Property
A hotel property in which logistics are handled by the convention services manager (CSM), with catering handled by a separate manager.
Duty
Fee levied on imported and exported goods. Duties are generally based on the value of the goods (ad valorem duties), some other factors such as weight or quantity (specific duties), or a combination of value and other factors (compound duties). See AD VALOREM TAX.
Early Arrival
1) To reach your destination before the appointed date or time.
2) When a hotel guest with a confirmed reservation requests to check in to his/her room prior to the scheduled date and/or check-in time.
3) Arrival prior to arrival of the majority of the group.
Early Registration
Registration received before a pre-defined date, usually offering a lower fee.
Early-Out
A guest who checks out of a hotel one or more days earlier than the scheduled departure date.
Economic Impact (Total)
The total value of an event, including secondary spending (indirect and induced) on the host destination’s local economy over and above the original direct spending. These secondary impacts, when combined with the original direct spending, result in the total economic impact of an event.
Economic Multiplier
Total economic impact divided by direct spending.
Ellipsoidal Spotlight
Type of adjustable spotlight formerly known as a klieg light. It is used to light lecterns, signs and areas that need a tightly focused pool of light. See LEKO.
Emergency Action Plan
Procedures about how to react and respond to an emergency situation, such as medical emergencies, fire and bomb threats.
Empty Sticker
The tag indicating a crate may be moved into storage. The sticker identifies the exhibitor and the return location for the crate.
End Cap
An exhibit space with aisles on three sides. See PENINSULA.
English Breakfast
A large, hearty breakfast that includes juice, fruit, hot and cold cereal, eggs, meat (often fish), pastries with jellies and preserves, and made to order foods such as omelets and crepes, and hot beverages.
English Service
Food is brought to the table on a tray, presented to the host, who either cuts the food him/herself or chooses to have it done by the server away from the table. Vegetables are placed in bowls on the table for guests to serve themselves. See FAMILY-STYLE SERVICE.
Entertainment
Activity performed for the amusement and enjoyment of others.
Environmentally Preferred Provider
gsf or gsm.
1) Total amount of available function space in exhibit hall or other facility.
2) Total amount of space used for a specific show or event. See NET SQUARE FEET/METERS.
Errors and Omissions Insurance
Often referred to as E&O insurance. A form of insurance that indemnifies the insured for any loss sustained because of an error or oversight on his part.
ESCA
Exhibition Services & Contractors Association.
Escort
1) A person, usually employed or subcontracted (or independently contracted) by a DMC, who accompanies a tour from departure to return, as a guide.
2) A person who performs such functions only at the destination.
Escorted Tour
1) A prearranged travel program, usually for a group. In a fully conducted tour, escort and/or guide service is provided throughout.
2) A sightseeing program conducted by a guide (e.g. a city tour).
ESG
See EVENT SPECIFICATIONS GUIDE.
European Plan
EP. A room rate that does not include meals.
Evaluation
1) Critiquing and rating the overall success of an event.
2) Developing an event profile from accurate event statistics.
3) A systematic process to determine the value of an activity.
Event
An organized occasion such as a meeting, convention, exhibition, special event, gala dinner, etc. An event is often composed of several different yet related FUNCTIONS.
Event Organizer
Person whose job it is to oversee and arrange every aspect of an event. Person can be an employee or hired ad hoc to plan, organize, implement, and control meetings, conventions, and other events.
Event Site
Premises where an event will be held. See SITE.
Event Specifications Guide
ESG. The preferred term for a comprehensive document that outlines the complete requirements and instructions for an event. This document is typically authored by the event planner and is shared with all appropriate vendors as a vehicle to communicate the expectations of services for a project. The industry accepted practice is to use the APEX Event Specifications Guide, which can be found at the Convention Industry Council web site. Sometimes called Staging Guide, Resume.
Event Technology
Any technical and technology needs to support meetings or events. Includes items such as audio-visual, computers, software, power, networking and connectivity.
Event-Contracted Block
ECB. The rooms that are contracted for by an event organizer with a hotel(s) or housing facility(s) for a particular event.
Exclusive
Any agreement which limits who may provide specific products or services under certain conditions to only one party. No other contractor is allowed to provide the same services or products in that facility.
Exclusive Contract
Contract between a facility and a service provider designating that provider as the only source of a specific service or product within that facility.
Exclusive Contractor
Contractor appointed by event or building management as the sole agent to provide specific services or products.
Executive Conference Center
ECC. A first class conference facility that caters to executive level events.
Exhibit Booth/Stand
Individual display area constructed to showcase products or convey a message, or to sell products or services.
Exhibit Hall
Area within a facility where an exhibition is located; usually designed specifically for large shows.
Exhibit House
Company that fabricates and manages display properties for trade show exhibitors.
Exhibit Manager
1) Person in charge of individual exhibit booth/stand.
2) Event management staff member in charge of all or part of the exhibit floor.
Exhibition
An event at which products, services or promotional materials are displayed to attendees visiting exhibits on the show floor. These events focus primarily on business-to-business (B2B) relationships.
Exhibition Manager
Preferred term for the specific person responsible for all aspects of planning, promoting, and producing an exhibition. Also Called SHOW MANAGER, SHOW ORGANIZER. See SHOW MANAGEMENT, SHOW PRODUCER
Exhibitor
1) Person or firm that displays its products or services at an event.
2) Event attendee whose primary purpose for attending the event is to staff a booth/stand.
Exhibitor Advisory Committee
Representatives of an event’s exhibiting companies who act as advisors to show management on procedures, the needs of exhibitors, and provide feedback for marketing and growing the show.
Exhibitor Appointed Contractor
EAC. Any company other than the designated “official” contractor providing a service to an exhibitor. Can refer to an Install & Dismantle Company (I&D House), photographer, florist or any other type of contractor.
Exhibitor Kit
See EXHIBITOR MANUAL.
Exhibitor Manual
Manual or kit, usually developed by the general service contractor for an event, containing general event information, labor/service order forms, rules and regulations and other information pertinent to an exhibitor’s participation in an exhibition. Also called EXHIBITOR SERVICE KIT.
Exhibitor Move-In/Move-out
The time period allowed for exhibitors to prepare their exhibit space for show opening. The time allowed for exhibitors to dismantle and remove their exhibit following show closing.
Exhibitor Prospectus
Promotional materials sent to current and prospective exhibitors to encourage participation. It promotes the value of exhibiting in a specific show and contains information about technical points, cost of exhibition space, a floor plan of the exhibition and an application for participation.
Exhibitor Service Kit
See EXHIBITOR MANUAL.
Export Declaration
Required for shipments valued at more than $2500; used by the U.S. government to monitor the dollar volume of export shipments.
Export License
A government document which permits the “licensee” to engage in the export of designated goods to certain destinations.
Facilitator
An individual who guides discussion and/or decision making.
Facility
A structure that is built, installed or established to serve a particular purpose.
Facility Manager
The manager of a convention center, exhibition hall, arena, auditorium or other venue or assembly.
Fair
1) Event principally devoted to the exhibition of agricultural products or industrial products. Fairs may also provide entertainment activities.
2) Exhibition of products or services in a specific area of activity held with the objective of promoting business.
Fair Trade
A market initiative to insure that small farmers in developing countries are paid a fair market price that encourages independence and sustainability. Agricultural products may be Fair Trade certified.
Familiarization Trip
Fam Trip. A program designed to acquaint potential buyers with specific destinations or services and to stimulate the booking of an event. Often offered in groups, but sometimes on an individual basis.
Family Name
Preferred term for use on event housing and registration forms to indicate the name by which all immediate family members are known. Same as LAST NAME, SURNAME. Compare with GIVEN NAME.
Family-Style Service
Platters and bowls of foods are set on the dining tables, from which guests serve themselves. Usually involves guests passing the containers to each other. See ENGLISH SERVICE.
FAP
Full American Plan. See AMERICAN PLAN (AP).
Fast Fold Screen
Brand name for a large screen with a frame which folds down into a small case for storage. The legs of this screen are attached at the sides of the screen, or the screen may be flown from above.
FICP
Financial and Insurance Conference Planners
Final Program
Document containing the definitive conference and social program, circulated immediately prior to a conference or distributed at the commencement of the event.
Fire Exit
Door or passageway, clear of obstructions, designed by local authorities for egress from a building or structure.
Fire Marshal
In the United States, Fire Marshals’ responsibilities vary from state to state, but they are generally responsible for fire safety code enforcement, fire and arson investigation, fire incident data reporting and analysis, public education and advising legislatures on fire protection.
First Announcement
Initial notification of an event, generally outlining the basic framework of a meeting; a widely circulated document. Also Called PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT.
First Name
Name given to identify individual family members. See GIVEN NAME (preferred).
First Option
See OPTION.
Fishpole
Holder with microphone often used in Q & A (question and answer) sessions.
Fixed Assets
Usually non-liquid assets that are integral to the enterprise’s day-to-day business operations (e.g. factories, equipment, furniture and real estate).
Fixed Costs
The day-to-day cost of doing business that is pre-committed, such as salaries, insurance, lease expenses, utilities, etc.
Fixed Expense
Expense incurred regardless of the number of event attendees.
Flash Box
Smoke-producing device for special effects.
Flat Rate
Flat rate for which a hotel agrees to offer any of its available sleeping rooms (with the exception of suites) to a group. Final assignment of rooms is at the discretion of the hotel. See RUN-OF-THE-HOUSE RATE.
Floor Load
Maximum amount of weight per square foot/meter a floor can support.
Floor Manager
Person retained by event management to supervise the installation, dismantling and operation of the exhibit area.
Floor Marking
The process of marking the floor of an empty exhibit hall to indicate the locations where individual booths/stands will be set.
Floor Order
Order for exhibitor services placed on-site after exhibit set up begins. Usually more expensive than an ADVANCE ORDER.
Floor Plan
1) Scale drawing indicating the placement of exhibit booths and all other features in an exhibit hall.
2) Scale drawing of the floor area of a hotel’s event space.
3) Scale drawing of a function room with specific set-up requirements (tables, chairs, etc.) drawn to scale.
Fly
Objects, scenery or audio-visual equipment mounted from above.
Focus Group
Method of doing research using a small group led by a facilitator.
Follow Spot
Manually movable spotlight (a brilliant light projected onto a particular area).
Force Majeure
An event (e.g. war, labor strike, extreme weather, or other disruptive circumstances) or effect that cannot be reasonably anticipated or avoided.
Force Majeure Clause
A clause in an agreement that excuses performance in the event that a FORCE MAJEURE makes the performance impracticable or impossible.
Forced Freight
Forced freight is generally removed from the hall at a specified time and held by the general contractor or official common carrier or until payment is made for forwarding.
Forcing the Floor
Removal of freight from the event floor after the event close that was not picked up by an exhibitor’s carrier, or shipments left behind at the booth/stand at the close of the event without a bill of lading.
Foreign Exchange Currency Risk
Risk that an organization takes when dealing with foreign currency due to exchange rates fluctuating over time.
Foreign Sales Agent
An individual or firm that serves as an international representative of, and seeks sales abroad for, a domestic company.
Foreign Trade Zone
An area within a country where imported goods can be stored or processed without being subject to import duty.
Forum
Open discussion with audience, panel, and moderator. A meeting or part of a meeting set aside for an open discussion by recognized participants on subjects of public interest.
Forward Contract
An agreement guaranteeing a specific price for a product or service at a given future date. May also guarantee a specific rate of exchange when foreign currency is used.
Foul Bill of Lading
A receipt for goods issued by a carrier with an indication that the goods were damaged when received. See CLEAN BILL OF LADING.
Four Hour Call
Minimum work period for which union labor must be paid in special circumstances (generally, a minimum call is one hour.). Not to be confused with minimum charges to exhibitors applied by contractors that service events.
Freight
Properties, products, and other materials that are shipped.
Freight Forwarder
A third-party logistics provider which handles export shipments for customers using common carriers.
Freight on Board
FOB. When something is purchased and paid for with terms ‘FOB origin’ it means the responsibility of the seller stops when the ‘goods’ are delivered to the transporting company at the point of origin. It is the responsibility of the buyer to pay for transportation.
French Service – Banquet Style
A style of food service. In this pattern of service platters of food are composed in the kitchen. Each food item is then served from the guest’s left by the server from the platters to individual plates. See FRENCH SERVICE – CART STYLE.
French Service – Cart Style
A style of food service. This pattern of service involves the use of serving pieces (usually silver); heating and garnishing of food table-side by a captain; and the serving of food on a heated plate, which is then served to the guest by a server. Plated entrees are usually served from the right, bread and butter and salad from the left and beverages from the right. All are removed from the right. See FRENCH SERVICE – BANQUET STYLE.
Fresnel Lens
Lens which produces a soft edged beam of light. Theatrical fixture with adjustable lens 150 W through 1500 W.
Front Projection
Projection of an image onto the front surface of a light reflecting screen from a projector placed within or behind the audience.
Full American Plan
FAP. See AMERICAN PLAN (AP).
Function
Any of a group of related organized occasions that contribute to a larger event.
Function Book
Diary or log used to control and document the assignment of function space within a facility.
Function Sheet
See BANQUET EVENT ORDER (BEO).
Gala Dinner
Primary social function of an event, usually in the evening, including entertainment or speeches after a formal meal.
Ganging Menus
When two or more groups in facility have the same menu.
Gate Show
Exhibition open to the public usually requiring an entrance fee.
Gel
Theatrical color filter used in conjunction with theatrical projection fixtures and spotlights.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Also GATT. A multilateral treaty aimed at reducing trade barriers between the signatory countries and promoting trade through tariff concessions.
General Assembly
General and formal meeting of an organization or company attended by a specified proportion at least of its members for the purpose of deciding legislative direction, policy matters, the election of internal committees and approval of financial matters. An assembly generally observes certain fixed rules of procedure.
General Liability Insurance
An insurance policy that provides protection against claims involving bodily injury and property damage to third parties.
General Service Contractor
GSC. An organization that provides event management and exhibitors with a wide range of services, sometimes including, but not limited to, Distributing the exhibitor manual, installation & Dismantle, creating and hanging signage and banners, laying carpet, drayage, and providing booth/stand furniture. Also called OFFICIAL SERVICE CONTRACTOR. See DECORATOR.
General Session
A meeting open to all those in attendance at a event. See PLENARY SESSION.
Given Name
Preferred form for international registration documents in place of first name. Same as FIRST NAME. Compare to FAMILY NAME, SURNAME
Glass Beaded Screen
Screen whose surface is covered with tiny glass beads which reflect a bright image back toward the audience, but have a narrow viewing angle.
GMIC
Green Meetings Industry Council
GMT
Greenwich Mean Time.
Gobo
A pre-cut, etched pattern fabricated from metal or glass that fits in a lighting instrument to form projected light into a shape (logo, graphic, scenery, etc).
Goods and Services Tax
GST. Fee imposed on the sale of goods and services.
Gooseneck Light
Small (75 to 150 watt) spot light with flexible stem.
Gratuity
A payment to signify good service.
Gray Water
Non-drinkable water, not potable.
Green Room
Room, stocked with refreshments, for artists, featured speakers and entourage to meet guests and media representatives.
Greenwich Mean Time
GMT. Time on the line of longitude that passes through Greenwich, England used as a basis for calculating time throughout the world. See ZULU TIME, UTC
Gross Weight
The full weight of a shipment, including goods and packaging. See TARE WEIGHT, ACTUAL WEIGHT
Group Rate
Confirmed rate extended to attendees booking their sleeping room accommodations as part of a group room block.
Guarantee
A promise of commitment to provide a minimum amount of sleeping rooms, F&B, or other revenues. Usually there is financial liability if the commitment is not met.
Guaranteed Reservation
Pre-paid reservation held until agreed arrival time, or check-out time the next day, whichever occurs first. Guest is responsible for payment if reservation is not cancelled.
Guest Program
Educational and/or social events or tours planned for spouses and guests of official event participants.
Halal
Food prepared according to Islamic dietary laws.
Half Moon Set-Up
A seating arrangement in which 60-, 66- or 72-inch (152-, 168- and 183-centimeter) diameter rounds have seats on two-thirds to three-quarters of the table and no seats with their backs to the speaker. Used for banquet-to-meeting or meeting-to-banquet quick set. See CRESCENT-ROUND SET-UP.
Hand Carry
Items that an exhibitor is allowed to carry unaided into a event facility without being charged.
Hand Service
One server is assigned for each two guests. Servers wear white gloves. When serving, they stand behind their guests holding two composed plates. When the signal is given, all guests are served at the same time.
HCEA
Healthcare Convention and Exhibitors Association.
Head Count
Actual number of people attending a function.
Headquarters
Facility, as the center of operations, where registration, general sessions, and conference staff office are located.
Herringbone Set-Up
Seating arrangement in which chairs are arranged in rows slanted in a V shape and separated by a center aisle. They face the head table or speaker.
High Season
Period when the demand for a supplier’s product or service is highest. Prices generally increase in high season. Also Called PEAK SEASON. Compare With LOW SEASON.
Hold Harmless
An indemnity clause that provides that both parties agree to defend and/or compensate the other party for asserted claims against, or liability damages incurred by, the other party due to the acts or omissions of the first party.
Hollow Circle Set-Up
Seating arrangement of tables and/or chairs all facing each other in a single circle.
Hollow Square Set-Up
Seating arrangement of tables set in a square (or rectangle) with chairs placed around the outside of the table. Center (inside) table is hollow.
Honorarium
Voluntary payment made for services where no fee is legally required.
Horseshoe Set-Up
Tables set up in rounded U shape with chairs placed outside. Chairs inside if needed. See U-SHAPE SET-UP.
Hospitality Suite
1) Room or suite of rooms used to entertain guests.
2) An event in the United States usually separate from the exhibit, in which refreshments are served and exhibitor personnel and visitors socialize.
Host Bar
Private room bar set up where guests do not pay for drinks.
Host Committee
A group of people bringing specific expertise of the locality and facilities of a given area to the Organizing Committee in planning the event program.
Hotel Accommodation
Sleeping Room(s) at a hotel and rooming arrangements; usually specifying the hotel classification in terms of its amenities, facilities, level of service and cost.
Hotel Reservation
An agreement between the hotel to provide a guest room on certain dates and rate and the guest who agrees to use the hotel on the specified dates at the agreed upon rate (and any other terms). Normally, a deposit of one night’s stay is required to hold the reservation.
House Brand
Brand of wine or distilled spirits selected by a hotel or restaurant as their standard when no specific brand is specified.
House Count
Number of guests or sleeping rooms actually occupied on a particular night.
House Lights
Lighting of room separate from stage lighting.
Houseman
Service-staff member who handles function-room set up and tear down. See BANQUET SET-UP.
Housing Bureau
Organization that provides reservation services for a group and its attendees.
Housing Report
Document detailing housing utilization (reservations, pickup, etc.).
HSMAI
Hospitality Sales & Marketing Association International.
Hybrid Event
A hybrid event is a tradeshow, conference, unconference, seminar, workshop or other meeting that combines a "live" in-person event with a "virtual" online component.
IAAPA
International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions.
IACC
International Association of Conference Centers.
IACET
International Association for Continuing Education and Training.
IAEE
International Association for Exhibitions and Events.
IAHMP
International Association of Hispanic Meeting Professionals
IAMAT
International Association for Medical Assistance for Travelers.
IAPCO
International Association of Professional Congress Organisers
IASB
International Association of Speakers Bureaus.
IATA
(Pronounced ‘eye’-AH-ta’.) International Air Transport Association.
IATA #
Identification (or membership) number of travel agents who receive commission.
IATSE
International Association of Theatrical Stage Employees.
IAVM
International Association of Venue Managers.
ICCA
International Congress and Convention Association
Image Magnification
Technology by which presenter’s image is projected onto a large screen, allowing large audiences to see details from the stage. Also called I-Mag.
In Conjunction With
ICW. An event or function that occurs because of another event.
In-House
An adjective used to define services which are performed within the company or organization, rather than being subcontracted.
In-House Contractor
Contractor retained by a facility to be on-site and provide services as needed, sometimes on an exclusive basis. In some cases, Planners are not required to use their services, but may be charged a surcharge or facility fee for bringing in an outside contractor for the same service. See EXCLUSIVE CONTRACTOR.
Incidentals
Expenses other than room and tax, billed to a guest’s account (e.g. phone, room service, etc.).
Inclusive
Price charged clients that includes all applicable gratuities and consumption taxes.
Inclusive Rate
1) For lodging and accommodations, the amount charged for a room, usually including breakfast (or other meals), taxes and service charge.
2) For food and beverage or catering, a rate that includes taxes, gratuities and/or service charges.
Indemnification Clause
A contract clause in which one party agrees to pay damages or claims that the other party may be required to pay to another. For example, if a hotel is sued by an attendee that is injured at an event due to the fault of the group, an indemnification clause might require the group to pay back the hotel. Some times the law requires one party to indemnify another even without a specific clause. Generally, the terms of the clause will be followed over the state law. See HOLD HARMLESS.
Independent Show Management Company
1) A contractor hired by an exhibitor to perform event services independent of event management-appointed contractors. See EXHIBITOR APPOINTED CONTRACTOR (EAC).
2) Any individual or company hired to perform event services on a contract basis.
Indirect Costs
Also called overhead or administrative costs, these are expenses not directly related to the event. They can include salaries, rent, and building and equipment maintenance.
Induced Spending
Occurs when employees in a host destination’s travel industry and its suppliers spend their wages in the local economy. This chain of buying and selling among businesses and employees continues until the original direct spending leaks out of the local economy.
Informal Meeting
Informal gathering, not necessarily social.
Infringement
Use of floor space outside exclusive booth/stand area.
Inherently Flame Resistant
Material that is permanently flame resistant without chemical treatment.
Injection Molding
Method of protecting exhibit properties.
Inland Bill of Lading
A Bill of Lading used in transporting goods overland to the exporter’s international carrier. Although a bill of lading can sometimes be used, it is usually necessary to prepare both an inland bill of lading and an ocean bill of lading for export shipments.
Inline Booth/Stand
Exhibit space with exhibit booths on either side and back. See INSIDE BOOTH/STAND.
Inside Booth/Stand
Exhibit space with exhibit booths/stands on both sides and back. See INLINE BOOTH/STAND.
Inspection Trip
See FAMILIARIZATION TRIP (FAM TRIP). See Also SITE INSPECTION.
Installation
Setting up exhibit booth/stand and materials according to instructions and drawings.
Installation & Dismantle
I&D.
1) The set-up and teardown of exhibits.
2) Firm that does I&D work. See ERECTION.
Installer
Skilled labor used to set up displays at events. The union affiliation of the installer will vary based upon the locale and the facility in question.
Institute
In-depth instructional meeting providing intensive education on a particular subject.
Integrated Marketing
Marketing activities with a common focus on the marketplace or a customer segment. The execution of each individual piece of the integrated marketing plan is consistent with, and supportive of, each of the other pieces of the plan.
Intelligent Lighting
Lighting instruments that can be computer controlled to move light around the room, and project color and patterns on screens, scenery, walls or floor.
Interactive Exhibits
Exhibits that engage visitors through direct interaction with display components, working models, simulations, or multi-sensory or multi-media elements.
Interactive Learning
Learning activities that involve hands-on, direct experience activity by the learners, and interaction between learners.
Interactive Response
A system which enables the audience to respond to prepared questions by means of a multifunction keypad, text messaging or other electronic systems. Responses are collected and tabulated by software and can be shared or displayed graphically.
Interactive Video
Video programming which allows the viewer to be involved in an active way with the information to be presented.
International Event
1) An event that draws a national and international audience. Typically 15% or more of attendees reside outside of the host country.
2) An event that draws an audience from 3 or more countries.
International Freight Forwarder
A third-party logistics provider which handles export shipments for customers using common carriers.
Internet Service Provider
ISP. A service that provides access to the Internet.
Interpretation in Relay
Oral translation utilizing two interpreters. Because the first interpreter is not master of the second language, another makes the final interpretation to the audience. See CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETATION, INTERPRETATION, SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETATION, TRANSLATION, WHISPERED INTERPRETATION, WIRELESS INFRARED INTERPRETING SYSTEM.
Interpreter’s Booth/Stand
A soundproof cubicle in which the interpreter works.
Invitation Program
A provisional program sometimes incorporating a call for papers. The program gives details of venue, participants, agenda, accommodations, etc.
Invited Paper
Paper or speech on a specific subject submitted or presented at the request of an event’s organizers.
Invited Speaker
A person who is invited to deliver a speech during the conference. Costs of travel, housing and appropriate appearance fees usually are provided for in the conference budget.
IP Address
Internet Protocol Address. A numeric value unique to an individual computer or electronic device that identifies it on a network. The IP address is assigned by a network administrator, Internet Service Provider (ISP), or other network hardware.
IPO
Individual Pays Own.
ISES
International Special Events Society.
Island Booth/Stand
Booth/stand space with aisles on all four sides.
Island Exhibit
A display space that is exposed to aisles on all sides.
Jigging
Special dividers, sectioning and protective padding inside exhibit crates.
Job Foreman
One who is in charge of specific projects.
Joint Agreement
Union contract covering more than one employer and a union, more than one union and an employer, or a number of employees and a number of unions.
JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group. A graphic file format that has a sophisticated technique for compressing full-color bitmapped graphics, such as photographs. JPEG is most commonly mentioned as a format for image files.
Junction Box
A distribution point for electrical power.
Junior Suite
A hotel room that features a separate living-sitting area (although not a separate room), in addition to the bedroom. Also called a MINI-SUITE.
Jurisdiction
1) The jobs that may be performed by a specific labor union.
2) The locality where a contractual dispute is decided.
3) In law, the ability of a court to hear and decide a matter brought before it.
Jurisdictional Dispute
Conflict between unions concerning the right to control certain jobs in a particular trade or industry.
Keynote
A session that opens or highlights the show, meeting, or event.
Keynote Address
Opening remarks or presentation at a meeting that sets the tone or theme of the event and motivates attendees.
Keynote Speaker
Speaker whose presentation establishes the theme or tone of the event.
Keystone Effect
Distortion of a projected image whereby the image is wider on top and narrower on bottom. Keystone effect is caused when an image source is not perpendicular to the center point of the screen or projection surface.
King-Size Bed
Large bed usually measuring 76-by-80 inches (190-by-200 centimeters). A long king-size bed measures 76-by-84 inches (190-by-213 centimeters).
Kiosk
1) Free-standing pavilion or light structure, often inside a facility, where printed or electronic information is available.
2) A small enclosure for ticket sales, information, etc.
Knock Down
KD. Exhibit or display components requiring on-site assembly.
KOH
A light fixture that is installed from catwalks, ceilings, or truss systems, and can easily light up a 10×20 booth/stand space. It cannot be installed on the exhibit itself due to the temperature at which it burns.
Kosher
Food prepared according to Jewish dietary laws and restrictions.
L/C
Document issued by a bank per instructions from a buyer of goods, authorizing the seller to draw a specified sum of money under specified terms. See LETTER OF CREDIT.
LA
Letter of Authority.
Lanai
Patio or balcony overlooking a garden or water.
Last Name
Name by which all immediate family members are known. Women usually (but not always) adopt their husband’s surname upon marriage. Same as SURNAME, FAMILY NAME (preferred). Compare With GIVEN NAME.
LCD Projector
A self-contained unit with a LCD (liquid crystal display) panel, light source and lens that works with both PC and Mac computers and duplicates the image being shown on the monitor without any need for special software or complex setting up. See DATA PROJECTOR.
Lead Retrieval
The process whereby exhibitors receive a potential customer’s contact information in a standardized manner. A system for capturing and following-up on leads generated at an exhibition.
Lead Tracking
A manual or automated system used to conduct follow-up activities for sales prospects resulting from an event.
Learning Environment
The physiological, psychological, physiological social/cultural, industry, nutritional, technological, physical, service, personnel, and evaluation factors surrounding the learning experience.
Learning Management System
A learning management system (LMS) is a software application for the administration, documentation, tracking, reporting, automation and delivery of educational courses, training programs, or learning and development programs.
Lectern
A stand upon which a speaker may rest notes or books. May be “standing,” which rests on the floor, or “table-top” which is placed on a table. Often confused with PODIUM.
Lecture
Informative and instructional speech.
Leko
Type of adjustable spotlight used to light lecterns, signs and areas that need a tightly focused pool of light.
Lenticular Screen
Screen finish with a characteristic silver-colored finish which has brighter reflective characteristics than a matte screen but with a wider viewing angle than a beaded screen.
Less Than Truckload
LTL. Rates applicable when the quantity of freight is less than the volume of truckload minimum weight.
Letter of Agreement
Contract. Document outlining proposed services, space, or products which becomes binding upon signature by authorized representatives of both parties. It lists services, foods, beverages, and so forth.
Letter of Credit
L/C. A document issued by a bank per instructions from a buyer of goods, authorizing the seller to draw a specified sum of money under specified terms. See CONFIRMED LETTER OF CREDIT.
Liability Clause
Part of a contract outlining conditions of liability.
Liability Disclaimer
Legal statement releasing the organization from responsibility for any arrangements made by attendees with services listed by the organization (e.g., child care).
Licensing Agreement
A right or permission granted by the owner of a property (tangible or intangible) to engage in some business or occupation or engage in some transaction, which would be unlawful without such right, or permission. A business arrangement in which the manufacturer of a product (or a firm with proprietary rights over certain technology, trademarks, etc.) grants permission to some other group or individual to manufacture that product (or make use of that proprietary material) in return for specified royalties or other payment. Many convention center agreements are written as license agreements.
Light Bar
A bar with a light that hangs behind a header.
Light Box
Enclosure with lighting and translucent face of plastic or glass.
Lighting
1) Service offered by electrical contractor for illumination.
2) Booth/stand or hall illumination.
3) Existing light provided by the venue for functionality and safety.
4) Controlled application of the art of lighting to impact sales, achieve atmosphere and otherwise enhance the experience of the event.
Lighting Control Console
Desk-type housing, used to contain the controls required for adjusting production lighting. Also MASTER CONTROL
Lighting Director
Person who designs the lighting, directs placement of lighting equipment, and calls lighting cues on-site.
Lighting Grid
Structures used to support lights and electrical outlets.
Lighting Plot
A print showing the location and type of all lights used in a booth/stand, or in a meeting environment.
Lighting Truss
A construction of tubular steel or aluminum alloy onto which lighting instruments are hung and which is in turn suspended above the stage or exhibit.
Likert Scale
Common question format, which uses standardized response options.
Line of Sight
A line of vision from an observer’s eye (such as an audience member) to a distant point (such as a stage).
Linear Display
Also “IN-LINE DISPLAY”. Exhibit space that shares one or more borders with neighboring exhibits.
Link
Using hypertext, a link is a selectable connection from one word, picture or information object to another. From a Web site, a link points to content.
Liquid Crystal Display
LCD. Display composed of mobile crystals in liquid suspension which align themselves and polarize light in response to a small electric change. The crystals are manufactured in pockets within the display which correspond to areas of dark on light background.
Load In/Out
Scheduled times for crew to load and unload equipment.
Loading Dock
Area on premises where goods are received. Usually a raised area that back loading trucks can back up to and offload freight easily.
Lock-Up
Storage area which can be locked.
Lockout
1) Refusal by a facility to allow guests access to their guest rooms.
2) Labor action where employers refuse access to the facility by employees.
Loop
1) Closed electric circuit.
2) A continuously repeated segment of music, dialogue, or images.
Loop Fabric
Fabric to which Velcro® fastener fabric will adhere.
Loss Leader
Item offered by a retailer at cost or less than cost to attract customers. Also referred to as a price leader.
Low Season
Period when the demand for a supplier’s product or service is lowest. Prices generally decrease in low season. Also Called VALUE SEASON. Compare With HIGH SEASON.
Low Voltage
Term applied to currents of 24 volts or less. Must be transformed from normal 110 volt input. Useful in animation, lighted model, etc.
Low-Key Lighting
Lighting in which picture intensity produces limited bright areas.
Lowboy
A type of truck that can be adapted for picking up loads at ground level.
Mag-Stripe
Magnetic Stripe. A lead retrieval system using a magnetic strip on either the back of a paper badge or on plastic badges similar to credit cards.
Magnetic Key Systems
Means by which doors in hotels or other facilities are locked or unlocked. Usually, these are cards as opposed to actual keys. The system permits security staff members to know what key was used to enter the room and at what time.
Make Work Practices
Union practices for spreading work by limiting production or by requiring employment of more workers than necessary for a particular job.
Manifest
Final official listing of all passengers and/or cargo aboard a transportation vehicle or vessel.
Marine Insurance
Broadly, insurance covering loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance will typically compensate the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, piracy, and various other causes, but excludes losses which can be legally recovered from the carrier.
Mark
Taped or chalked symbol on studio or stage floors designating exact placement of props and actors.
Market Segments
Categorization of people, organizations or businesses by professional discipline or primary areas of interest for the purposes of sales analysis or assignment.
Market Share
The percentage of the total sales (from all sources) of a service or product represented by the sales made by an enterprise. i.e. sales divided by total sales.
Markup
Difference between the cost and the selling price of a given product. Difference between the net rate charged by a tour operator, hotel, or other supplier and the retail-selling price of the service. Generally a percentage of the net rate rather than a fixed amount, as in a 20 percent markup on the net.
Marshalling Yard
A holding area where trucks or buses check in and wait for instructions before delivering or picking up freight or passengers.
Mask
1) Scenic drape used to obscure undesirable view from the audience or to protect or cover.
2) An item used or worn to hide the face.
3) Covering an item with masking tape.
Masking
1) Scenic draping to obscure undesirable items, such as equipment storage, or unused areas from view. Also used for security purposes.
2)Sound applied to an environment to provide privacy in open areas. The term “masking” refers to the so-called “cocktail-party effect” where certain conversations are hard to pick out because similar sounds mask them. The ear-brain can be fooled into not hearing certain sounds if other sounds at lower volume but sufficient complexity are simultaneously present. Pink noise is most often used to cause intentional masking; its spectrum is shaped or filtered and fed to loudspeakers hidden above an acoustical tile ceiling.
Masking Drapes
Drapes used to cover storage and other unsightly areas, unused areas or for security.
Master
Original copy of something, such as an audio or video recording or filmed production.
Master Account
A record of transactions during an event where the resulting balance is paid directly by the group. May include room, tax, incidentals, food and beverage, audiovisual equipment, decor, etc. Also called MASTER BILL.
Master Bill
See MASTER ACCOUNT.
Master Control
See LIGHTING CONTROL CONSOLE.
Master Key
One key that will open function and guest rooms.
Master Monitor
Video monitor which shows only the picture being aired.
Master of Ceremonies
Person who presides over the program Also called MC, EMCEE
Material Handling
Services performed by GENERAL SERVICE CONTRACTOR that includes delivery of exhibit materials from the dock to assigned space, removing empty crates, returning crates at the end of the event for re-crating, and delivering materials back to the dock for carrier loading. It is a two-way charge, incoming and outgoing. Sometimes referred to as DRAYAGE, Material Handling is the preferred term.
Matte
Lusterless surface.
Matte Screen
Screen having a flat or matte white finish which does not reflect as effectively as a glass-bead screen, but can be viewed from virtually all front angles.
Matte White
Type of non-shiny screen surface used for front projection. It is the least expensive type of screen.
Maximum Pick-Up Number
Every week leading up to an event, the event organizer should receive a room pick-up report from each hotel involved in the event. One of those weeks will have a very high number (which is the maximum pick-up number). This information is important to include in a POST EVENT REPORT.
Mbps
Megabits (millions of bits) per second. A rate of data transmission over a computer network.
MC
(em-see) See MASTER OF CEREMONIES. Also called EMCEE.
Media Kit
Packet of information that is supplied to the media; contains all the details of an event that are required to attract media attention and attendees.
Mediation
Dispute resolution process in which the parties use a third party to assist them in reaching a compromise. The mediator may work with both sides together, or may act as “go between” in an attempt to move the sides toward agreement. The mediator may act informally, or be appointed by a judge or by agreement of the parties through an alternative dispute resolution organization like the American Arbitration Association (AAA) or the Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Service (JAMS). Unlike arbitration, a mediator is not empowered to impose a decision on the parties.
Meet and Greet
Service for meeting and greeting persons upon arrival in a city, usually at the airport, pier or rail station and assisting them with entrance formalities, collecting baggage and obtaining transportation.
Meeting
An event where the primary activity of the participants is to attend educational sessions, participate in discussions, social functions, or attend other organized events. There is no exhibit component . Compare With CONVENTION, EXHIBITION, TRADE SHOW, CONSUMER SHOW.
Meeting Management Company
A company, representing another organization, handling site selection, negotiations and turnkey support for an event.
Meeting Manager
See PLANNER.
Meeting Profile
A written report outlining statistics of previous events, anticipated use of all services, profile of attendees, hotel occupancy patterns, etc.
Metric System
A system of weights and measures, based on decimals, used throughout most of the world. Basic units are the gram for weight and the meter for length.
Mic
MICROPHONE.
MICE
Meeting, Incentive, Conference/Congress, & Exhibition. An internationally used term for the events industry.
Microphone
Instrument which converts sound into electrical signals for transmitting or recording sound.
Microphone, Omnidirectional
MICROPHONE that picks up sound from all directions.
Microphone, PZM
Pressure Zone Microphone. Also called a Boundary Microphone. This type of microphones can be placed on a large surface such as a table, floor, wall, or lectern. It picks up sound from entire room and is often recommended for conferences, group discussions, interviews, lectures, and recordings.
Microphone, Unidirectional
MICROPHONE that picks up sound primarily from the direction in which it is pointed.
Mini-Suite
See JUNIOR SUITE.
Minimum Call
Agreed upon minimum number of hours of work to be done by a worker under the labor agreement. In cases where the work to be done is shorter than the minimum call, the worker is guaranteed payment for the full minimum.
MINT
Meeting Industry Network (formerly CINET or Convention Industry Network). On-line information network tracking historical and future site/booking information. MINT is provided by DMAI to its members.
Mix
1) Visual repetitive and/or alternating projection of two different slides on the screen used to add emphasis.
2) (Sound) adjustment of each microphone for volume and sound quality.
Mixer
1) Audio unit by which sound signals from all sources feed into one system; allows for dissimilar inputs (microphone and line) to be combined and controlled into one output. See SOUND BOARD.
2) An informal get together to give members of a group an opportunity to meet one another.
Mixing
Combining audio or audio sources.
Mixing Board
See SOUND BOARD.
Mock-Up
A full-scale model of a proposed structure.
MOD
Manager on Duty. Person at a facility in charge of operations and/or guest relations for a certain period of time.
Model
1) An object made in miniature representing something to be constructed.
2) A person stationed in an exhibit to demonstrate a product, provide attraction to booth/stand or greet visitors. See TALENT.
Modem
Modulator-demodulator. Computer component that enables a computer to send and receive data over telephone or cable lines.
Moderator
Person who presides over panel discussions and forums.
Modified American Plan
MAP. A type of room rate that includes breakfast and one other meal (usually dinner).
Modular Exhibit
An exhibit that uses standardized components (e.g., panels, frames) that can be assembled and reassembled in different configurations for different needs.
Modular Panels
Partition units (walls, doorframes, etc.) in standard sizes, used for building booths/stands in the sizes desired in that context.
Monitor
1) Video or audio device used to maintain a reference on the sound or video that is being sent out to the audience. Audio feeds given to performers are also referred to as monitors but do not necessarily represent the sound sent to the audience. See CUE CHANNEL.
2) Event staff who observe sessions, report on problems and count attendance. Also called SESSION MONITOR.
Mono
See MONOPHONIC.
Monochrome
Images reproduced on a black and white television system.
Monophonic
Sound from one source, such as a single loudspeaker or earphone. In most concert performances, this is the type of sound provided to the audience. See PA SYSTEM.
Montage
1) Composite made by combining several separate pictures.
2) Rapid succession of images to illustrate an association of ideas.
Motion
Formal proposal to be discussed and voted on in a meeting.
MOU
Memorandum of Understanding
Move-In
Dates set for installation. See SET-UP.
Move-In/Move-Out Dates
Dates set for installation/dismantling of an exhibition, a meeting, or other event.
Move-Out
Dates set for dismantling. Also Called TEAR DOWN.
Moving Décor
Staff or actors in costume appropriate to a theme.
MPI
Meeting Professionals International.
MPO
Marketing promotional opportunities. Sponsorship of logoed items (e.g. tote bags).
Multi-Channel
With two or more communication bands (receivers).
Multi-Management Firm
A company that offers complete turnkey organizational support for an event, including administrative and event management services.
Multi-Screen
The use of two or more screens at the same time. Also called MULTIVISION.
Multi-Track Conference
A conference with parallel program sessions where participants have the choice to follow one or the other track or to jump from one track to the other during the duration of the event.
Multimedia
Use of two or more audiovisual media in one presentation.
Multivision
See MULTI-SCREEN.
Music License
Control of the performance of musical compositions by the composers and authors through granting of a license to perform. Controlled by the copyright laws. See ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC.
Music Licensing
The right granted by one party to let a another party use live or recorded music through special agreements and fee structures, often conducted with organizations that represent artists, such as ASCAP, BMI, or SESAC. See ASCAP, BMI, SESAC.
Mylar
Trade name for polyester sheeting, usually clear or decorative metallic reflective finish.
NACE
National Association of Catering Executives.
NACS
National Association of Consumer Shows.
NBTA
National Business Travel Association.
NCBMP
National Coalition of Black Meeting Planners.
Net Rate
Non-commissionable rate.
Net Square Feet/Meters
Also “NSF”. Actual amount of salable space used by exhibit booths/stands which excludes aisles, lounges, registration areas, etc. See GROSS SQUARE FEET/METERS (GSF OR GSM).
Net Weight
Weight of goods without the shipping container.
Network
Two or more computers or peripherals that are linked together for the purpose of sharing data.
News Release
See PRESS RELEASE.
No-Show
1) Reservation made, but not kept.
2) Any person, group or exhibitor who fails to appear to claim a meal reservation, exhibit space or ordered service.
3) Participant did not attend, nor cancel according to cancellation guidelines — an exhibitor a hotel guest , a meeting attendee or a speaker/entertainer.
Non-Performance
To neglect to carry out an agreement.
Non-Profit
An organization whose members may not benefit financially from its net proceeds.
NRA
National Restaurant Association.
NSA
National Speakers Association.
Objective
Formalized statement of outcomes to be anticipated as a result of the educational process.
Obstructed View
View of stage, from audience seating, which is blocked.
Occupancy Rate
1) In hotel/motel industry, the percentage of total number of available sleeping rooms actually occupied. Derived by dividing the total number of rooms occupied during a given time period (night, week, year) by the total number of rooms available for occupancy during that same period.
2) Measurement of building use, usually expressed as an annual percentage rate comparing potential facility capacity to actual usage.
Off Premise Catering
Foods usually prepared in a central kitchen and transported for service to an off-site location.
Off-Line
1) Non-route airline ticketing service.
2) Computer application performed while not connected to a computer network.
Off-Season
See LOW SEASON.
Off-Site
A term that describes any function or activity that occurs away from the primary event facility. Examples of its use include “Off-Site Food & Beverage,” “Off-Site Venue,” etc. See OFF PREMISE CATERING.
Offer
A promise, proposal or other expression of willingness to make and carry out a contract under proposed terms with another party which has the ability to accept it upon receiving it. Space and rent proposal from a facility. It may be in the form of a contract or license agreement.
Official Contractor
Organization appointed by show management to provide services such as set-up and tear-down of exhibit booths and to oversee labor, material handling and loading dock procedures. Also known as GENERAL SERVICE CONTRACTOR.
Offstage
Not in view of the audience.
On Consumption
A term used in food and beverage that refers to the purchasing option based on the amount utilized by the group. The organization pays for the food and beverage based on the actual food and beverage served.
On-Center
Refers to measurement of space from center of a solid object (such as a COLUMN) to another point.
On-Demand
1) The opposite of real-time.
2) Audio and/or video programming available on a Web site after the completion of an event, providing this content so Web site visitors can listen or view at their discretion.
On-Site
A term that describes any function or activity that occurs at the primary event facility.
On-Site Management
Details that the event manager must supervise at the site of the event.
On-Site Registration
Process of signing up for an event on the day of, or at the site of, the event.
One Ten/Sixty
Common term describing normally available current in North American Continent. The full expression is 110 volt/60 cycle. Many European and South American areas have 220 volt/50 cycle power only.
One-Sheet
A one-sheet piece of printed advertising. Often promoting a speaker’s product or services.
Online
1) Connected to a computer network, such as the Internet.
2) Accessible via a computer or computer network.
Online Registration
Registration made via the Web.
Open Bar
Private room bar set up where guests do not pay for drinks.
Open Seating
1) Guests can sit anywhere.
2) Extra banquet tables are placed, but not fully set; these can be prepared quickly if there are more guests than expected.
Open Space Session
Sessions where topics for conversation emerge from the group. People who want to lead a conversation post discussion topics during a news gathering. Then, participants split up and go to the topic area for which they have the most passion and interest . The underlying assumption is that whoever shows up to the topic are the right people to be there. No assignments are made. Each group takes notes, so that they can share back or publish their ideas. Some people may decide to move from group to group. If no one shows up it means that there is no interest in that topic.
Open-Ended Incentive Program
Incentive program where the possible number of winners are not predetermined.
Opening Address
Formal speech given at the commencement of a meeting to welcome participants; usually given by an eminent person. See KEYNOTE.
Opening Ceremony
The formal general session at the beginning of a congress or convention.
Opening Hours
Hours during which an exhibition, event registration or business is open.
Opening Session
Meeting or meetings of a predetermined period of time, which begin a congress or convention and in which the principal items on the agenda are usually introduced. Usually a general or plenary session.
Operations
Performing the practical work of operating a program. Usually involves the in-house control and handling of all phases of the services, both with suppliers and with clients.
Operations Manager
Individual in charge of performing the practical and detailed work of a program. See OPERATIONS.
Operator
A loose term that may mean Destination Management Company (DMC).
Opt-In Marketing
An email marketing campaign that only sends messages to users who have requested (or opted-in) to receive specific types of information. Email conference reminders and newsletters are examples of opt-in email marketing campaigns based upon permission marketing. See PERMISSION MARKETING.
Optical Sound
Sound that is recorded by photographic means on film. sound recorded on and subsequently played back from an optical or photographic soundtrack, as opposed to a magnetic soundtrack.
Option
1) Space which is reserved but not yet contracted for an event. The right of first refusal to confirm a tentative space reservation if there is demand from another group. See TENTATIVE HOLD.
2) Options – Activities other than those included in the formal agenda which are optional and often require the payment of an additional participation fee done at the guest’s discretion.
Option Date
A prearranged date by which a hotel or facility will no longer hold tentative arrangements for a group.
Optional Tour
A TOUR or side trip offered at a designated date, time and price, and is not included in the formal agenda.
Oral Presentation
Contribution or address made verbally to an audience.
Orchestra Pit
Sunken area in front of the stage used to accommodate the orchestra.
Order of Precedence
A system which ranks dignitaries according to international protocol for purposes of seating, honors or ceremonies.
Organizer
The entity or individual that produces an event.
Organizing Committee
A group of people who carry out the strategies and policies established for the organization of an event held in their geographic area.
Organizing Secretariat
Staff providing administrative services to the organizer.
Original Language
Initial language in which a document is drafted or a speech is delivered.
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OT
1) Overtime.
2) On Truck or Railway.
OT Labor
Work performed on overtime, billed at either time-and-one-half or twice the published labor rates.
OTR
Over the Road. Freight that moves on the road, typically shipped directly to the convention center.
Out Take
Taped or filmed scenes not used in the final production.
Outbound Operator
A company that takes groups from a given city or country to another city or country.
Outbound Tour
Any tour that takes groups outside a given city or country to another city or country.
Outlets
1) Restaurants, lounges or retail stores within a facility.
2) Electrical outlets.
Outside Exhibit
Booth/stand located outdoors.
Outside Line
Telephone line from in-house phone to the outside (off-property) phone, obtained through the in-house operator.
Outside Vendor
Supplier who is not directly associated with the facility.
Outsource
To subcontract a task or responsibility to a supplier to handle some aspect of an event, instead of using in-house staff.
Over-Set
Number of covers set over the guarantee. Paid for by the client only if actually consumed.
Overage
Surplus, excess, or extra.
Overbooked
Situation in which more rooms or seats are sold than are available.
Overflow
Attendees booked into other facilities after headquarters facilities are full.
Overhead Projector
Equipment which projects an image on a screen by passing light through a transparent slide or other transparency.
Overlay
1) Clear acetate film used to separate different components of art work.
2) Tissue sheet over artwork on which corrections or alterations are indicated.
3) A panel mounted to another surface.
4) A second, smaller tablecloth used for decorative purposes at banquets. See DOUBLE CLOTH.
Overnight Service
A type of airfreight service. Overnight does not necessarily mean 24-hour delivery as carriers deal in business days (usually, Monday – Friday). In addition, a shipment might not move until the following day, depending on the time of day it is picked up or loaded.
Overnight Stays
The total nights spent by an attendee at a housing facility before, during, and after an event.
Override
A commission over and above the normal base commission percentage.
Oversold
Condition where the number of confirmed reservations exceeds the number of seats on an aircraft or sleeping rooms in a hotel. See OVERBOOKED.
Overstay
A guest who stays at a housing facility (hotel, motel, etc.) one or more days longer than his or her scheduled departure date. Also Called STAY OVER, UNDER DEPART. Compare With UNEXPECTED DEPARTURE.
Overtime
Time worked by an employee outside of, or in addition to, regular working time or beyond the standard forty-hour workweek.
PA System
Facility’s in-house public-address system.
Pacing
1) A rate of activity such as the presentation of a meal or tour itinerary.
2) The scheduling of activities within an itinerary or meeting program to make for a realistic balance of travel time, educational programming, social events, tours, free time and rest.
Package
1) Hotel, conference center, or tour arrangement components combined and sold at a single all-inclusive price.
2) A single-fee booth/stand package offered by event management which might include booth/stand space, one electrical outlet, and basic furnishings.
Package Plan
1) Preassembled assortment of goods and services offered to the exhibitor at a single, fixed price.
2) In catering, refers to purchasing liquor and/or food at a set price per person.
3) Package offered by a hotel or conference center that includes lodging, food and beverages, and services at a set price.
Package Tour
A travel offering which provides, at an inclusive price, several travel components that a traveler would otherwise purchase separately.
Packager
1) An individual or organization that coordinates and promotes the development of a package tour and establishes operating procedures and guidelines for that tour.
2) Company that organizes speakers’ demo tapes, press kits, etc. for a fee.
Packet
The unit of data sent across a packet-switching network. It contains a destination address.
Packing List
A list showing the number and kinds of items being shipped, as well as other information needed for transportation purposes.
Pad
1) To apply attenuation to a signal (e.g. line level to mic level pad.) A very commonly overlooked problem in audio when interfacing VCRs etc. to mic level inputs in ballrooms, event rooms, etc. A pad can be applied most often by using a ‘filter direct box’.
2) A tablet of paper placed on the table for classroom or conference seating.
Pad Wrap
Wrap needed for protection of goods that are shipped without additional crating. See PADDING.
Padded Van Shipment
Shipment, by moving van, of crated or uncrated goods such as large pieces of furniture or display material.
Padding
1) Usually blanket protection for uncrated material.
2) Additional material for comfort installed under carpeting in an exhibit booth.
Paid Out
In-house facility form authorizing a cash disbursement to be charged to a master account or individual guest.
Paid-in-Advance Registration
1) Full payment for anticipated room and tax charges at registration; credit for incidentals is not extended.
2) Full payment for meetings, conventions, and trade shows. See CASH REGISTRATION.
Pallet
Wooden platform used to carry goods. See SKID.
Pallet Wrap
Process of wrapping loose items on pallet with a transparent plastic wrapping.
Pan
Panorama. Sideways movement of a camera to film a wide scene.
Panel Discussion
Instructional technique using a group of people chosen to discuss a topic in the presence of an audience, or for a virtual event, such as a Webinar.
Panel Dolly
L-shaped dolly with wheels on both the vertical and horizontal sides. Used for moving display panels.
Panel System
A prefabricated exhibit composed of connected panels of various sizes and shapes.
Paper Ticket
A physical ticket that is issued and presented to an airline in exchange for a boarding pass, or to an event organizer for admission.
Par Lamp
A lamp shaped like an automobile headlight that consists of a tungsten source housed in an enclosed lens, which produces a rectangular beam.
Parabolic Screen
Type of front projection screen surface which is rigid and allows only narrow angle viewing.
Parallax
An apparent change in the direction of an object, caused by a change in observational position, that provides a new line of sight.
Parallel Session
Session which has some correspondence or similarity of subject, and is simultaneous to another session.
Parcan
A 150 watt to 1000 watt lighting instrument that acts like a floodlight providing an even light over a specific area; frequently seen in polished aluminum version, hanging in large groups from a ground support or flying truss system.
Parlor
Room, usually equipped with sofas that make into beds, connected to a suite bedroom.
Parlor Suite
Hotel living room, usually with a hide-a-bed sofa, connected to an adjoining sleeping room.
Participatory Learning
Occurs when the participants share knowledge, experience and work together to learn.
Partition
See AIR WALL.
Party Planner
A person or organization that works with clients to design and implement private parties and other social events.
Pascal
The unit of pressure or stress in the International System of Units (SI). In the United States, PSI (Pounds per Square Inch) is used instead. See PSI.
Pastry Cart
Selection of desserts on a rolling serving cart.
Patch
1) To temporarily join wires or slides by overlapping.
2) Plug-in connection between two lines.
Patch Bay
See PATCH PANEL.
Patch Panel
Plug and jack assembly permitting studio outlets to be temporarily connected to dimmer outlet circuits; also found in studio sound systems. Also Called PATCH BAY.
Pattern of Event Dates
The dates during which an event can be conducted. May be designated by specific dates, months, or seasons (Spring, Fall, etc.).
Pavilion
1) A designated area within the event highlighting a special product category for marketing and exposure.
2) A group presentation of different entities (such as within a single a country) for the purpose of generating collective impact.
PAX
Abbreviation for passengers.
Payment Order
Written authorization for payment to be made.
PBX Operator
Switchboard operator.
PCMA
Professional Convention Management Association.
PCO
Professional Congress Organizer. Companies or individuals specialized in organizing events on behalf of a client organization. Not to be confused with Destination Management Company (DMC)
Peak Night
Referring to the night during an event when most rooms are occupied by those in attendance.
Peak Season
See HIGH SEASON.
Peaks
Chart or list of AV equipment usage shown as daily totals throughout the duration of an event.
Pedestal
A floor support for an exhibit component.
Penalty
The fee imposed by an airline to change or cancel flights once the ticket (usually a discounted advance purchase) has been issued.
Pending Registration
Incomplete registration where the fees, full payment or forms have not been received. Also Called PROVISIONAL REGISTRATION.
Peninsula
Two or more exhibit spaces back to back with an aisle on three sides. Also Called END CAP.
Peninsula Booth/Stand
An exhibit with aisles on three sides.
Penthouse Suite
Guest rooms and connecting parlors located on the top floors of a facility.
Per Diem
Per day. Daily allowance for food, lodging, and incidental expenses.
Per Person
Goods or services priced and/or purchased according to the number of guests expected to attend the event.
Percent of the Gross
Type of payment involving a fixed percent of the gross income for that service. This type of agreement is often used by facilities as the rental.
Percent of the Net
Type of payment involving a fixed percent of the net income after costs of providing that service. This type of payment is often used in services provided by exclusive contractors within a facility.
Percentage of Change Formula
Formula used to establish the variability in cost for future facility services.
Performing Rights Societies
Societies whose purpose is to provide collective licensing for copyrighted music. Examples include ASCAP, BMI and SESAC.
Perimeter Booth/Stand
Exhibit space located on an outside wall. See BACKWALL BOOTH/STAND.
Perimeter Seating
Seating arrangement in which chairs are placed around the walls of a room. The chairs are often meant for spectators to observe an activity or event in the center of the room.
Peripheral Block
A group of rooms reserved by a party outside of the Event Contracted Block (ECB) but is present in the city as a result of the Main Event (for example, some international tour groups). A Peripheral Block’s consumed room nights should be credited to the Main Event’s total room nights for historical tracking purposes. A Peripheral Block may be used to help offset attrition charges against the ECB A Peripheral Block usually negotiates its own terms.
Perk
Payment, benefit, or privilege received in addition to regular income or salary.
Permanent Exhibit
A product display held on a long-term basis, i.e., museum exhibit, office exhibit, mart, showroom, etc.
Permanent Import
In case of sales, with payment of duties and value added tax (VAT), or in case of free distribution, disposable or consumables usually exempted from payment of duties and VAT depending on each country. Quantity and value exempted at discretion of customs authorities.
Permission Marketing
An email marketing campaign that only sends messages to users who have requested (or opted-in) to receive specific types of information. Email conference reminders and newsletters are examples of opt-in email marketing campaigns based upon permission marketing. See OPT-IN.
Permit Card
Card granting temporary employment rights to a non-union member, issued by a union having a closed contract with an employer.
Personal Manager
Manager of individual artist or group of artists.
Piano Types
Pianos vary in size and quality: concert grand, baby grand, spinet, and upright.
Pica
Unit to measure type line length. Approximately 1/6 inch (.43 centimeter).
Pick-Up
Number of facility guest rooms actually used out of a room block.
Pilaster
A rectangular column that usually projects about a third of its width from the wall to which it is attached.
Pillow Gift
An in-room amenity left in the evening while an event is underway, that the attendee will discover upon returning to the room. Can be gifts from sponsors, etc.
Pink Noise
Filtered white noise that exhibits a constant power in any band of frequencies of the same span percentage. Generated to test loudspeakers in a room as well as to “tune” a room for best audio reproduction. See WHITE NOISE.
Pipe & Drape
Light-weight aluminum tubing and drapery used to separate exhibit booths/stands, staging areas, and other similar locations.
Place Card
Card placed on the banquet table, inscribed with the name of the person designated to sit at that place.
Place Setting
Another name for cover (a combination of flatware, glassware, china and napery).
Planner
Person whose job it is to oversee and arrange every aspect of an event. Person can be an employee of or hired ad hoc by companies, associations and other organizations to plan, organize, implement, and control meetings, conventions, and other events.
Planning Matrix
A grid used to plan meeting formats and finalize subject areas, topics and assignments.
Planting
The use of trees and plants to enhance the appearance of an exhibit or a stage.
Plastic Laminate
Any one of several of the melamine plastics bonded to paneling for durability and appearance.
Often used in exhibit construction.
Plated Buffet
Selection of preplated foods and entrees set on a buffet table. Can also be set on a roll-in cart.
Plated Service
Foods arranged on individual plates in the kitchen and then served to guests seated at a table. See AMERICAN SERVICE.
Plenary Session
General assembly for all participants.
Plexiglas
A trade name for acrylic plastic material in common use.
Plug-In
An additional piece of software that extends the capabilities of a web browser or other program by allowing the display of multimedia files or performance of additional functions.
Plus Plus
Addition of taxes and service charges to a price when not included, designated by ++.
Plus-One
Any component of a package tour that is not included in the package price, but may be purchased as an added feature or to extend the length of the package. Tour options are purchased at additional cost.
PNR
Passenger Name Record. A record created in a CRS / GDS when a reservation is made for a traveler. A PNR includes a set of identifying code letters and numbers unique to a single reservation, and contains information about a traveler’s itinerary The PNR forms the basic unit of information from which travel management reports are compiled.
Pocket Program
A shortened version of the event program giving basic information in a way which is easy to refer to and convenient to carry.
Podium
Raised platform where a speaker stands when delivering his or her remarks. Often confused with LECTERN.
Point
1) Measurement of type size. Twelve points equal one pica—approximately 1/6 inch (.43 centimeter).
2) A city, town, village, or other community or area which is treated as a unit for the application of freight rates.
Point Source
Sound originating from a single source, or as if from a single source, and filling an entire space. This type of sound system is most often seen in a concert configuration, where the stage and sound system is at one end of the room and no additional sources of sound are used.
Point-of-Purchase
Display to show product, where sales can be made.
Point-to-Multipoint Videoconference
A videoconference of more than two sites.
Pop-Up Exhibit
Lightweight display normally shipped in molded plastic crates. See PORTABLE EXHIBIT.
Port of Entry
Destination providing customs and immigration services.
Portable Exhibit
An exhibit that “pops-up” or a self-contained exhibit that is lightweight and easily set up.
Portal
1) Entry, doorway.
2) A Web site or service that offers a broad array of resources and services, such as email, forums, search engines, and online shopping malls to attract and retain a large audience.
Porters
1) Staff who carry luggage for guests using trains, planes, and hotels.
2) Staff who perform cleaning duties.
Post As
Instructions to a facility indicated the exact way a specific function should be listed on the facility’s reader board.
Post Conference
Any event which is arranged for the period immediately following the conference proper.
Post Convention Report
See POST-EVENT REPORT.
Post-Con Meeting
Post-Conference Meeting at the primary facility at which an event occurred just after it has ended. Attendees generally include the primary event organizer, representatives of the event organizer/host organization, department heads at the facility, other facility staff as appropriate, and contractors. The agenda focuses on evaluating the implementation of the event and collecting data needed to completing an APEX Post-Event Report. It often includes a final review of bills with accounts payable. Compare With PRE-CON MEETING.
Post-Conference Registration
Registration for an activity or function which follows an event.
Post-Conference Reservation
Guest room space following a conference.
Post-Consumer Material
An end product that has completed its life cycle as a consumer item and would otherwise have been disposed of as a solid waste. Post-consumer materials include recyclables collected in recycling programs, such as office paper, cardboard, aluminum cans, plastics and metals.
Post-Event Report
PER. The industry preferred term for a report of the details and activities of an event. A collection of post event reports over time will provide a comprehensive history for an event. The industry accepted practice is to use the APEX Post-Event Report format, which can be found at the Convention Industry Council web site.
Poster
Visual presentation of a specified size, presented on a flat sheet of paper or card, with details of a specific topic.
Poster Board
Soft or cork board panel, used for displaying copy and/or graphics. See ABSTRACT BOARD.
Poster Exhibition
Area with display of posters.
Poster Presentations
Informal sessions near poster exhibition to present and discuss contents of posters.
Poster Session
1) Display of reports and papers, usually scientific, accompanied by authors or researchers.
2) A session dedicated to the discussion of the posters shown inside the meeting area. When this discussion is not held in a special session, it can take place directly between the person presenting the poster and interested delegate(s).
Postgraduate Refresher Course
Continuing education courses often provided for professional accreditation purposes, and designed to enhance professional knowledge, or reinforce information originally taught as part of a degree program.
POV
Privately Owned Vehicle. A vehicle, such as a passenger car, van or small company vehicle, as distinguished from tracks, tractor-trailers and other over the road vehicles.
POV Line
Privately Owned Vehicle Line. Special loading dock reserved for POVs where material is unloaded at prevailing material handling rates.
Power Bandwidth
Frequency range over which a power amplifier can produce at least half power (-3dB). This important specification is the actual indication of an amplifier’s true power output capability, since many amplifiers are capable of much higher power outputs if frequency extremes such as those produced by music are ignored.
Power of Attorney
An instrument in writing whereby one person, as principal, appoints another as his/her agent and confers authority to perform certain specified acts or kinds of acts on behalf of the principal.
Power Response
Measure of a loudspeaker’s output with reference to its electrical input. Power response includes the total sound energy radiated into the acoustic space around the loudspeaker rather than just on-axis. Flat power response would indicate that a loudspeaker is radiating equal energy into all angles at all frequencies.
Pre- or Post-Event Tour
Organized outing taking place before (Pre-) or after (Post-) an event for both attendees and accompanying persons.
Pre-Block
Assigning a specific guest room prior to the arrival of the guest.
Pre-Con Meeting
A Pre-Conference Meeting at the primary facility at which an event will take place just prior to the event beginning. Attendees generally include the primary event organizer, representatives of the event organizer/host organization, department heads at the facility, other facility staff as appropriate, and contractors. The agenda focuses on reviewing the purpose and details of the event and making final adjustments as needed. Compare With POST-CON MEETING.
Pre-Function Space
Area adjacent to the main event location. Often used for receptions prior to a meal or coffee breaks during an event. See FOYER.
Pre-Opening
Period of time before a property’s soft opening.
Pre-Pleated
Material permanently pleated, ready for installation.
Pre-Populate
To automatically supply a data field on a form with information.
Pre-Registration
1) Registering in advance to attend an event. See ADVANCE REGISTRATION.
2) At a facility, pre-assigned sleeping rooms available for occupancy.
Pre-Registration List
Computer generated list of names pre-registered with a group.
Pre-Sales
Items such as books, tapes, videos, etc. sold to a client in advance of an event versus items sold in the back of room after an event.
Pre-Set Service
Placing plated foods on banquet tables prior to seating guests.
Prefab
Pre-built exhibit ready for installation.
Preferred Carrier
Carriers that have alliances with exposition service firms and general service contractors. They receive preferential treatment, and some discounts may be obtained by using these carriers.
Preliminary Draft
First draft. The first version of a paper or document which is subject to further amendment.
Preliminary Program
The first public draft of an event’s schedule including information on program structure and key speakers, giving details of ancillary activities and usually containing the event registration form.
Preliminary Announcement
The first announcement that an event will take place, giving the dates, location and theme.
Premium Beer
Brands of domestic or imported beer sold at a higher price point than other brands.
Premium Brand
Brands of spirits (hard liquor), beer and wine sold at a higher price point than other brands.
Premium Pay
Extra pay over the regular wage rate for work performed outside or beyond the regular working hours, for work on Saturday, Sunday or holidays, for night shift work, for hazardous, dirty or unpleasant work, and for production in excess of established standards.
Prep Area
Space used for food production and service not visible to guests.
Preplated Items
Food placed on plates in the kitchen prior to being served.
Presenter
Person explaining a given topic in an informational session.
Press Clipping/Cutting
Article cut from a printed publication.
Press Conference
Event held to communicate information to media representatives.
Press Kit
A collection of publicity items that includes: 1) pertinent data on the meeting, such as agenda, historical data, guest speakers, special events, ; the meeting property, such as descriptions of public space, etc. 2) information relative to a sponsor or exhibitor’s products or services.
Press Office
Agency that collects and distributes information to the news media.
Press Officer
The chief public relations contact with the press/media for an organization.
Press Release
1) A prepared statement released to the news media.
2) An article intended for use by the media about a company, product, service, individual, or show. Also Called NEWS RELEASE.
Press Room
A room where members of the media may obtain exhibitor press kits, conduct interviews, or relax. Larger press rooms offer computers, Internet access, and office equipment for use by the press in filing their stories.
Priority Point System
System of assigning points to exhibiting companies to determine the order in which firms will be allowed to select booth/stand space first for the next event.
Pro Forma
Financial forms (invoices, profit and loss statements, balance sheets, etc.) based on future expectations; provided or made in advance to describe items or projections.
Pro Forma Invoice
1) An invoice provided by a supplier prior to the shipment of merchandise, informing the buyer of the kinds and quantities of goods to be sent, their value, and important specifications (weight, size, etc.)
2) A packing list on which a shipper describes what is being shipped including the quantity, the value, the weight, and dimensions.
Pro Number
Shipment number designated by the common carrier to a single shipment, used in all cases where the shipment must be referenced.
Proceedings
Published volume transcribing the full conference sessions, which may or may not include details of the discussion.
Procession
Group of individuals moving in an orderly, often ceremonial manner.
Producer
Person or company responsible for the production of something; usually used in reference to a theatrical producer, event producer or an exhibit producer. See ORGANIZER.
Production Company
A company that presents special effects and theatrical acts. This type of company may contract to put on an entire event or only parts of one. They sometimes hire speakers as part of their contract.
Productivity Tickets
Complimentary tickets awarded by the official airline after the event according to the number of attendees who used the airline.
Professional Association
Group of persons who practice a particular professional activity.
Professional Congress Organizer
PCO. Companies or individuals specialized in organizing events on behalf of a client organization. Not to be confused with DMC (Destination Management Company).
Professional Speaker
A speaker who is paid a fee for performances and makes a living from presenting information to various organizations.
Profile
Detailed information about a traveler and/or company kept on file by a travel management company.
Program
Schedule of events, giving details of times and places.
Program Book
Printed schedule of events, location of function rooms, and other pertinent information.
Program Design
Structure of event program elements to achieve specific goals and objectives.
Program Development
Planning that takes place before an event regarding its specific content and fabric.
Prohibited Cargo
Goods restricted by international convention. Also refers to drugs, weapons and ammunitions.
Projection Booth
Platform or area from which audiovisual presentations are controlled.
Projection Distance
Measurement from the projector to the screen.
Projection Screen
Surface on which images are displayed.
Projector
An apparatus for projecting an image on a screen. Whether the device is an overhead projector, data (LCD) projector, slide projector, or a film projector, it is usually referred to as simply a projector.
Promoter
Person or organization whose role is to market an event, maximizing media coverage and income.
Promotion
1) Publicizing an event. See PUBLICITY.
2) An advancement in rank or position.
Promotional Fares
Reduced fares for travel to particular cities. The number of seats sold at the reduced fare is limited and, therefore, early booking is critical. These tickets also carry many restrictions.
Proof
1) Final copy for approval before printing. See BLUELINE
2) To correct before final printing.
3) Standard measure of alcoholic strength; e.g., 100 proof = 50 percent alcohol content.
Proof of Citizenship
1) A document, necessary for obtaining a passport.
2) A passport or other document that establishes ones’ nationality to the satisfaction of a foreign government.
Proofing
Checking preliminary printed materials for errors before the final printing.
Property
1) Establishment such as a hotel, motel, inn, resort, conference center, or event facility.
2) Something (e.g. an interest, money, or land) that is owned or possessed.
Proposal
1) Plan put forth for consideration or acceptance.
2) Communication sent by a supplier to a potential customer detailing the supplier’s offerings and prices.
Props
1) Stage furniture, set dressing.
2) Articles used by actors, entertainers, or speakers.
Proscenium Arch
The visible opening that frames a stage (usually theatrical).
Prospect
A potential attendee, guest, buyer or exhibitor.
Prospectus
The document (printed or online) that promotes the chief features and benefits of a product or service to prospects.
Protocol
1) Customs and regulations dealing with diplomatic formality, precedence, and etiquette.
2) A formal description of message formats and the rules two computers must follow to exchange messages.
PSI
Pounds per Square Inch. A measurement of pressure. Pressure is force per unit area. The standard unit for pressure outside of the United States is the Pascal (which is one Newton per square meter), which is the unit of pressure or stress in the International System of Units (SI). See PASCAL.
PSM/PSS
Passenger Service Manager/ Supervisor.
Public Accommodation
A private entity that owns, rents or leases a public facility.
Public Address System
Audio and/or visual system to convey messages to participants during an event. See PA SYSTEM.
Public Relations
Presentation of an event via the media or other outlets, stressing the benefits and desirability of such event.
Public Seminar
A seminar that is open to the public. Usually, tickets are sold to individuals.
Public Show
Exhibition that is open to the public, usually requiring an entrance fee.
Public Space
Space in a facility that is available for rent.
Publicity
A media campaign, normally consisting of a series of public notices and advertising activities, aimed at ensuring maximum attendance by focusing attention on an event. See PROMOTION.
Q&A
Question-and-answer period after a speaker or presentation at a meeting.
Quad Box
Four electrical outlets in one box, which should be grounded.
Quad/Quadruple
1) Four-channel audio tape recording system.
2) Room with two or more beds for four persons.
Qualifying
The act of determining a person’s authority or financial ability to purchase a product or service or perform a specific function.
Qualitative Data
Descriptive information that is a record of what is observed, presented in narrative by the respondent. Also referred to as “soft data.”
Quality Profits
Profits that can be sustained year to year over a prolonged period of time.
Quantitative Data
Information that is represented numerically so you can assign ranks or scores, or determine averages and frequencies. Also Called HARD DATA.
Quarter-Round
Wedge shaped table with one rounded edge.
Questionnaire
Survey; a set of questions used to gather information.
Quick Set
Function room set-up that saves room turnover time, limits the number of event rooms required, and avoids additional charges for changing room set-ups.
Quick-Change Booth
Enclosed or draped area, close to the stage, for costume changes.
Rack Rate
Facility’s standard, pre-established guest room rates.
Rail
Low drape divider between exhibit booths/stands, also known as a SIDE RAIL.
Rain Date
An alternate event date contracted to use in case of inclement weather.
Rally
Gathering to promote enthusiasm and excitement.
Ramp Session
Session added on to the end of the day’s program, usually after dinner, to accommodate extra papers or an extra papers of an extra plenary lecture.
Random Sample
A sample in which the probability of selection for each element in the population is known prior to the sample selection.
Rank and File
The membership of an organization, other than officers and officials.
Rap Sessions
Informal sessions with no specific agenda.
Rapporteur
Person appointed to note and record the proceedings of sessions and to write summaries of the paper(s) presented for a final summation session. See REPORTER.
Rate of Exchange
The rate of currency exchange established daily as the buying rate of foreign currency by the Federal Reserve Bank. The daily rate is used only when it varies by more than 5 per cent from the quarterly rate. When applicable, the daily rate is the rate certified on the day of exportation.
Raw Film
Condition of motion picture film after printing process but before surface has been treated.
RCMA
Religious Conference Management Association.
Reader Board
At a facility, a listing, either printed or on a video screen, of the day’s events including times and locations.
Readymen
Nonunion, temporary labor hired from a personnel agency.
Real-Time
When online activities take place at a designated time, they are referred to as real-time events. A Webcast of a keynote presenter that can be watched live over the Internet is an example of a real-time event.
Rear Projection
Video or image presentation where the screen is between the viewer and the projector.
Reasonable Accommodation
Any provision that aids the participation of a person with a disability, as long as it does not create a hazard to others, a major disruption in business or an undue financial or administrative burden.
Receiving Fee
Arbitrary fees sometimes imposed by a host government to officially recognize an event.
Receiving Line
Dignitaries, host, sponsor, and guest of honor lined up to greet guests.
Reception
Stand-up social function where beverages and light foods are served. Foods may be presented on small buffet tables or passed by servers. May precede a meal function.
Reception Desk/Registration Desk
1) Desk or defined area where guests are received at a hotel, motel, inn.
2) Desk or defined area where event attendees register for an event on-site or retrieve registration materials if they have pre-registered.
Record Locator
An identifying number for the Passenger Name Record (PNR) in a file or record.
Red Eye Flight
A scheduled flight that departs late at night and arrives in the morning.
Referral Child Care
When an event host organization publishes a list of child care service providers available. Attendees then make their own arrangements with these services.
Reflection
Sound or light energy which returns from a surface when struck. The amount and angle of reflection depends on the type and size of the reflecting surface and the frequency (wavelength) of the energy.
Refraction
The change of direction of a light ray passing from one medium to another of different density.
Refresh
To clean function space after specific functions, or during break periods. Usually involves refilling water pitchers, removing soiled articles, changing glassware, and performing other light housekeeping chores.
Refreshment Break
Time between meeting sessions. May include coffee, soft drinks, and/or food items. Some are planned around a theme.
Refreshments
Items of food and drink consumed between main meals; usually taken during breaks between meetings. See BREAK.
Refundable Deposit
A deposit made to a venue or supplier that may be returned under certain conditions agreed to by the venue/supplier.
Regional Event
An event targeted to attendees from a specific geographical area. May be a stand-alone event, or a regional version of a national event. Typically 60% of attendees reside within a 400 mile (640 km) radius of the event city.
Regional Exclusivity
A speakers bureau’s/agency’s exclusivity is limited to a particular region or territory.
Regional Security Officer
RSO. Consular official charged with the security of his/her country’s nationals while traveling in his region.
Registrant
Individual who has submitted a registration form and attends an event.
Registrar
Individual responsible for handling registrations.
Registration
1) Process by which an individual indicates his/her intent to attend a conference or stay at a property.
2) A method of booking and payment.
3) The process of recording data about an attendee (or exhibitor), sending a confirmation and creating a badge used on-site.
Registration Area
Designated area where event registration takes place.
Registration Card
Signature form used by facility when registering a guest.
Registration Data
Information about an attendee that is gathered as part of the registration process (occupation, fee category, etc).
Registration Fee
Amount payable for attendance at a conference; may vary according to level of participation or type of membership.
Registration Form
Form used by an event attendee to sign up to attend an event. It is used to collect important information about the attendee and his/her intended participation in the event.
Relay Interpreting
Oral translation whereby an interpreter does not translate directly, but interprets the translation of a colleague, usually because s/he is not qualified to work directly from the original language.
Release
1) Signed form giving permission to use a person’s name, picture, or statement (often in an advertisement).
2) Form signed by presenter allowing recording of presentation.
3) Document provided by management to permit removal of goods from exhibition during event hours.
4) To release space, as in returning unsold air or hotel reservations to the supplier that originally allotted them.
Release Date
Date beyond which a facility is free to rent the unused sleeping rooms or function space to other groups.
Released Value
1) Limit of a carrier’s liability.
2) Stated value of a shipment when released to the carrier. If shipper declares a higher value than the per-pound limit, shipping costs will increase.
Rental Booth/Stand
Complete booth/stand package offered to exhibitors on a rental basis.
Rental Charges
Cost of hiring a piece of equipment or function space for a specified period of time.
Rental Contract
Contract stating terms and conditions for rental of exhibition venue or for individual booth/stand within a venue.
Repeat Engagement/Booking
When a speaker does a second or subsequent booking for the same client.
Reporter
1) Person appointed to note and record the proceedings of sessions and to write summaries of the paper(s) presented for a final summation session.
2) Person who reports on an event for the media (TV, radio, print, Web sites, etc.).
Reporting Pay
Guaranteed payment to employees who report or show up ready for work at their usual time and find no work to do.
Request for Proposals
RFP. A document that stipulates what services the organization wants from an outside contractor and requests a bid to perform such services.
Reservation
1) An arrangement to have a sleeping room (at a hotel or other housing facility) held for one’s use.
2) Process by which an individual or group secures space at a facility.
Reservation Center
Telephone or computerized reservation sales office.
Reservation Form
Form used by event organizer, housing bureau or lodging facility to register guests for sleeping rooms.
Reservation Method
Manner by which sleeping room reservations are to be made for attendees of a specific event (i.e., individually, via master list, etc.).
Reservation Request
A communication by which a guest indicates sleeping room requirements; these are forwarded to the hotel to secure a reservation.
Reservation Review Date
Designated day when the facility will release a block of sleeping rooms to the general public. See CUT-OFF DATE.
Resolution
1) Ability of a projection system to distinguish and reproduce fine detail.
2) Motion put forward for a joint decision; usually has the force of a legislative decision.
Resort
1) Regions associated with recreation and leisure, such as the mountains, seashore, or natural or man-made attractions.
2) A resort hotel or motel offers or is located near facilities for sports and recreational activities such as tennis, swimming, sailing, etc.
Resort Casual
Attire for warm destinations, including mid- to knee-length shorts; collarless or golf shirts; khakis and sandals. Women can wear linen sheaths, casual skirts or sundresses.
Resort Conference Center
A conference facility with at least one major amenity, such as golf or tennis.
Restricted Dialing
The ability to control telephone access often by excluding specific country or area codes and certain types of calls. This is often put in place for event rooms and show floor locations.
Resume
See EVENT SPECIFICATIONS GUIDE.
Retention Rate
1) The percentage of exhibitors or attendees that return to an event from one year to the next.
2) The percentage of an organization’s membership or company’s employees that remain with the organization or company from one year to another.
Return on Investment
ROI.
1) Net Profit divided by Net Worth. A financial ratio indicating the degree of profitability.
2) Net benefits divided by the full loaded meeting costs.
Revenue Management System
A sophisticated computer based pricing system that vendors use to adjust prices based on anticipated demand. Also referred to as Yield Management.
Reverberation
Sound which appears to echo and re-echo in weaker and weaker levels. Also Called Reverb.
Reviewing Stands
Elevated platforms accommodating not more than 50 persons. Seating facilities, if provided, are normally in the nature of loose chairs. Reviewing stands accommodating more than 50 persons shall be regulated as grandstands.
RevPAR
Revenue Per Available Room. A performance measurement commonly used in the hotel industry. It is calculated by dividing a hotel’s net rooms revenue by the total number of available rooms, or by multiplying a hotel’s average daily room rate (ADR) by its occupancy.
RFP Distribution Date
The date a Request for Proposals (RFP) is to be passed along if an event organizer is using an intermediary to distribute the RFP [i.e., If an event organizer sends an RFP to a Convention & Visitors Bureau (CVB), and wants the CVB to send the RFP to member hotels on a certain date, that date is the RFP Distribution Date].
RFP Published Date
The date a Request for Proposals (RFP) is released from an event organizer and is made public.
Rider
Additional clause in a contract stipulating special requirements.
Rigger
1) Person responsible for machinery uncrating, unskidding, positioning, leveling, and reskidding.
2) Skilled labor responsible for attaching signs, banners, truss, and other equipment to ceilings.
Rigging
1) The process of attaching the cable on a crane to a piece of machinery or equipment.
2) The process for hanging materials or signs.
3) The structure to which hanging materials are attached.
Right of First Refusal
A courtesy a facility extends to a previously booked party to approve or disapprove a concurrent booking or to save uncontracted space for the previously booked party for program growth.
Right to Work State
Where joining a union is not a condition of employment.
Rights Only
Selling only the rights to a sponsorship, with the buyer incurring expenses for production, installation and dismantle.
Riser
Raised platform.
Risk Management
Recognizing the possibility of injury, damage or loss, and having a means to prevent it or provide insurance.
Risk Monies
Funds that an agency would not recoup should a tour not materialize, i.e., nonrefundable deposits to suppliers, promotional expenditures, printing expenses.
ROH
Run-of-the-House.
ROO
Return on Objectives. Measurement of the benefit received for participating at an event based on pre-set objectives for success.
Room Block
Total number of sleeping rooms that are utilized and attributable to one event.
Room Capacity
Number of people that can function safely and comfortably in a room.
Room Deposit
Money that must be paid in advance in order for a hotel to guarantee to hold a function or sleeping room.
Room Nights
Number of sleeping rooms blocked or occupied multiplied by number of nights each room is reserved or occupied.
Room Occupancy Pattern
Number of single, double, triple, etc. rooms used.
Room Pick Up
The number of sleeping rooms actually used by event attendees and exhibitors.
Room Rate
The amount charged for the occupancy of a room.
Room Service
1) Facility department which provides food and beverage service to guest rooms.
2) Food and beverage provided to guest rooms.
Room Set-Up
The physical arrangement of a room including the layout of tables, chairs, other furniture, and equipment.
Room Tax
See TRANSIENT OCCUPANCY TAX.
Room Turnover
Amount of time needed to tear down and reset a function room.
Room-Based Videoconferencing
Land-based system for videoconferencing designed to manage communication between one group of people, usually in a conference room setting, with another group or groups in similar settings elsewhere.
Rooming List
A list, whether printed or electronic, by which an event organizer and/or their designates (e.g. a housing bureau) delivers multiple reservations to a hotel or other housing facility. Often the information contained in a rooming list is originally gathered through attendees’ completed Housing Forms.
Rostrum
Raised platform where a speaker stands when delivering his or her remarks.
Round
Banquet table, usually 60 inches (152 centimeters) in diameter. Also available in 66- and 72-inch (168- and 183 centimeter) diameters. A “Round for 8” is a banquet table at which 8 place settings should be set. Another common configuration is a “Round for 10.” Commonly, a 60-inch (152 cm) round is used to seat 8, a 66-inch (168 cm) round seats 9, and a 72-inch (183 cm) round seats 10.
Round Robin
Contest or tournament in which each participant is matched with every other participant.
Rounded Hollow Square
A hollow square with corners replaced by serpentine or quarter round tables.
Roundtable
A group of experts who meet on an equal basis to review and discuss specialized, professional matters, either in closed session or, more frequently, before an audience.
Route Manager
The person responsible for managing motor coach flow, routes, drivers, etc.
Row Booth/Stand
The booth/stand within a row of similar booths/stands with the front opening onto an aisle and with other booths/stands on either side.
RTI
Room, Tax and Incidentals. An abbreviation often used in reference to charges at an hotel, motel, inn, bed and breakfast, etc.
Run-of-the-House
1) Rooms given at random according to availability when the reservations are made.
2) Flat rate for which a hotel or motel agrees to offer any of its available rooms (with the exception of suites) to a group. Final assignment of rooms is at the discretion of the hotel. See ROH. See FLAT RATE.
Run-Through
A complete rehearsal including all elements of the event production, such as presentations, performances, music or entertainment, lighting, audio-visual and technical aspects.
Runner
1) Long narrow carpet in a hallway, aisle, or on stage.
2) Piece of portable or constructed staging that extends a main stage to form a runway.
3) Main cord extending from a microphone to an amplifier.
Runway
Platform which extends from a stage into the audience area, often used for events such as fashion shows.
Russian Service
1) Banquet Russian: The food is fully prepared in the kitchen. All courses are served either from platters or an Escoffier dish. Tureens are used for soup and special bowls for salad. The server places the proper plate in front of the guest. After the plates are placed, the server returns with a tray of food and, moving counter-clockwise around the table, serves the food from the guest’s left with the right hand. With this style of service, the server controls the amount served to each guest. See BUTLER SERVICE.
Saddle-Stitch Binding
Binding process using wire staples, thread, or wire.
Sales Coordinator/ Manager/Representative
Hotel staff person responsible for assisting salesperson in selling sleeping rooms and function space. Usually reports to Director of Sales (DOS).
Sample
The portion of a population selected for a study.
Sampling
A research method based upon selecting a portion of a population for study.
Satellite Meeting
See IN CONJUNCTION WITH.
Scattered Arrivals
A pattern of group arrivals that are separate from the main arrivals.
Schoolroom Perpendicular Set-Up
Variation of schoolroom set-up in which tables are perpendicular to the head table, and chairs are placed on both sides of the tables.
Schoolroom Set-Up
See CLASSROOM SET-UP.
Schoolroom V Set-Up
Seating arrangement where rows of tables and/or chairs are slanted in a V-shape facing a head table, stage or speaker. See CHEVRON SET-UP.
Scissor Lift
A mobile work platform that extends vertically on a scissor-like mechanism with no increase in the size of the machine’s footprint.
Screen Left and Right
Directions given from audience perspective.
Screen/Audience Distance
Distance between the projection screen and the front row of the audience. Rear most audience member should be no more than 8 times the width of the screen in use.
Scrim
1) Translucent material used to diffuse or soften light.
2) Gauze-like theatrical curtains.
Season
Period of time when the demand for a certain supplier’s product or service is high, low, or neither. See HIGH SEASON, LOW SEASON, SHOULDER SEASON.
Second Option
Second place on a waiting list. The organization holding the second option for specific dates at a facility, for example, may book those dates only if the organization holding the first option decides not to book within a certain period of time. See OPTION.
Second Tier City
A city where the space limitations of the convention center, the hotels, or the air lift, make the city more appropriate for smaller meetings and events.
Secondary Airport
An airport that is used as an alternative to a city’s primary airport.
Secure Digital Certificate
An encrypted file that authenticates the source of financial data, usually for an online credit card transaction.
Security Cage
Portable wire enclosure used to lock up materials for safe storage.
Security Contractor
Company hired by exhibit or event management to keep individual exhibits and the entire event floor safe using guards, closed circuit T.V., etc.
Security Service
Service providing security arrangements, such as checking delegates credentials, searching hand luggage, protecting equipment and patrolling congress and exhibition areas.
Segue
Transition between two audio passages or video segments.
Semi-Skilled Labor
Persons whose work is limited to a well-defined work routine; or work in which lapses of performance would not cause excessive damage to products or equipment.
Seminar
1) Lecture and dialogue allowing participants to share experiences in a particular field under the guidance of an expert discussion leader.
2) A meeting or series of meetings of a small group of specialists who have different skills but have a specific common interest and come together for training or learning purposes.
Serpentine
Curved, S-shaped tables that when placed together make a snake form.
Serpentine Queue
Line formation of people going to the same area; line feeds off into several different service stations.
Service Bar
A counter from which alcoholic beverages are served that is located outside of a function room, usually in an area not visible to guests.
Service Charge
1) A mandatory and automatic amount added to food and beverage charges, usually used to defray the cost of labor and service equipment. Generally calculated as a percentage of charges.
2) A fee charged to a client by a travel agent in addition to the commissions paid to him or her by his or her principals.
Service Contractor
Outside company used by clients to provide specific products or services (e.g. pipe and drape, exhibitor manuals, floor plans, dance floors or flags).
Service Desk
Centralized on-site location for ordering or reconfirming services provided by general service contractor and specialty contractors.
Service Kit
See EXHIBITOR MANUAL.
Service/Product Mix
A business, while involving both service and product, where the quality of the service is often more important than the product received. Examples of this type of service would be: service contractors, catering, etc.
SESAC
An organization similar to ASCAP and BMI that licenses the use of copyrighted music for various artists. Formerly called the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers.
Set
1) Performance area including props, equipment, backdrops, etc.
2) Length of time band or orchestra plays between breaks.
3) Make preparations for a predetermined number of attendees.
4) To arrange type for printed materials.
Set Dressing
Props arranged to decorate the set. Also Called TRIM PROPS
Set For
The actual number of seats put in place (or to be put in place) for a function.
Set Light
Light which illuminates background behind the performers.
Set-Up
1) Way in which a function room is arranged.
2) Erecting displays, installation, or, articles in their assembled condition.
3) Mixers, fruit, and glassware accompanying a liquor order.
Set-Up Drawings
The plans from which the exhibit components are assembled.
Set-Up Personnel
Exhibit or function room equipment installers.
SGMP
Society of Government Meeting Professionals.
Shell Folder
Brochure with preprinted illustrations to which varying text can be added.
Shell Scheme
European booth/stand system—usually includes raised floor, back and side walls, plus fascia.
Shimmer Curtain
Draping made of strips of colored material that catch and reflect the light.
Shipper’s Export Declaration
A form required for all shipments by the U.S. Treasury Department and prepared by a shipper, indicating the value, weight, destination, and other basic information about an export shipment.
Shipping Agent
Third-party hired to handle shipping goods to and from an event. Also Called SHIPPER.
Shipping Manifest
An instrument in writing, signed by the captain of a ship that lists the individual shipments constituting the ship’s cargo.
Shirring the Drape
Gathering drape along the rods to even out the folds and give each panel of drape equal spacing.
Shop Steward
Person designated by the union within a shop or unit to represent employees.
Shore Excursion
Land tours, usually available at ports of call, sold by cruise lines or tour operators to cruise passengers.
Shoulder
The beginning and ending days of a room block when fewer rooms are contracted.
Shoulder Season
Period when the demand for a supplier’s product or service is neither high nor low.
Show
1) Organized performance for entertainment.
2) An exhibition. See EXHIBITION.
Show Breaking
Time specified for the close of the exhibition and the start of dismantling.
Show Card
Material used for signs.
Show Daily
A newspaper published each day during the run of an event or conference. It includes articles about the exhibits and events and, often, advertising.
Show Directory
A listing, with booth/stand numbers, of all the exhibitors in an event and a map showing booth/stand locations.
Show Management
The company, group or organization that manages an exhibition.
Show Manager
See EXHIBITION MANAGER.
Show Office
On-site event management office.
Show Organizer
See EXHIBITION MANAGER.
Show Producer
Company or individual who is responsible for all aspects of planning, promoting and producing an event.
Show Rates
Rates established by event management, official service contractors and/or other official service providers, and published in the EXHIBITOR MANUAL.
Show Rules
The requirements and procedures prepared by event management for exhibitors and contractors at a given event.
Show Within a Show
An event with its own name and focus that takes place within a larger, related event. See IN CONJUNCTION WITH.
Shuttle
A vehicle, usually a bus, contracted to transport event attendees between facilities during a certain time period.
Shuttle Service
Transportation for participants; usually by bus or van, provided on a continuous basis for a certain time period.
Side Chair
Armless chair.
Side Fills
Speakers on stage right and stage left to project amplified sound to full stage area.
Side Rail
A low divider panel (usually 3 ft. high’) used to separate an exhibit space from an adjacent area.
Sight Acts
Performers who must be watched to be appreciated, such as mimes, jugglers, dancers, and acrobats. See INCIDENTAL ENTERTAINMENT.
Sightlines
The actual or virtual lines in the venue or on paper layout that describe what parts of a set or decorative object are visible from a given audience or guest point of view; used to determine what must be decoratively treated or masked (hidden).
Signed Exception
Delivery receipt, signed by the carrier, noting a damage or shortage.
Simple Random Sample
Method of sampling in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
Simulation
Interactive instructional technique in which the learner has an opportunity to practice a new skill in a simulation, imitation or role-play of a real life situation.
Simultaneous Interpretation
Process of orally translating one language into another while the speaker is speaking.
Simultaneous Translation
Process of translating one language into another while the speaker is speaking. Same As SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETATION.
Single
Sleeping room occupied by one person. The room may have one or more beds in it.
Site
1) Venue, area, location, property or specific facility to be used for an event.
2) A particular platform or location for loading or unloading at a place.
Site (association)
Society of Incentive Travel Executives.
Site Inspection
In-person on-site review and evaluation of a venue or location for an event. See FAMILIARIZATION TRIP.
Site Selection
Choosing a venue for an event.
Six-by-Six Rule
Audiovisual guidelines by which no transparency of slide should contain more than six words per line of text and no more than six lines of text.
Skid
1) Pallet.
2) Wooden platform used to support machinery or a collection of objects for easier handling.
3) Thick wood blocks attached to crates which allow forklift access for easier handling.
4) Wood runners protecting the exterior of a shipping case.
Skirting
Pleated or ruffled draping used around buffet, reception, head tables, and risers or stages to conceal the area underneath.
SLA
Service Level Agreement. Usually an adjunct document to a vendor contract.
Sling
1) A pre-made length of cable used for hanging exhibit materials or signs.
2) A pre-made length of cable or a heavy-duty nylon strap used for rigging machinery to cranes or forklifts.
Slippage
Reduction in the number of rooms used from the original reserved block.
Small Group Learning Patterns
A learning activity that is dependent on the participation of a small group of people.
Smart Form
A Web-based form that can be designed to guide the user through the process of completing the form and can alert the user to errors.
SMERF
Acronym for a category of event market segments including Social, Military, Educational, Religious and Fraternal groups.
Social Event
1) An event with the purpose of facilitating pleasant companionship among attendees.
2) Lifecycle celebration (e.g. a wedding, bar/bat mitzvah, anniversary, birthday, etc.). See SOCIAL PROGRAM.
Social Program
Program of organized functions, not directly related to the main educational subject of an event. See SOCIAL EVENT.
Social/Cultural Factors
Factors related to interaction with other learners that affect the way a person learns.
Soffit
A lowered portion of a ceiling.
Soft Currency
A currency that cannot be traded outside its native country.
Soft Opening
Time when a property is open for business, prior to the grand opening. All services/facilities may not be complete or available.
Sole Relay Interpreter
Pivot Interpreter; only interpreter in the team assigned to an event who is able to translate out of a lesser used language and functions as a “relay” for the rest of the team in relation to that language.
Sommelier
A wine steward, expected to have an extensive knowledge of wines and their suitability with various dishes.
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure (or Practice).
Sound Board
Console with separate channels to control volume and sound quality produced by each microphone.
Sound Check
Verification, often by the performer, that the sound system to be used for the performance is functioning satisfactorily. Usually this is one of the final steps of the move-in.
Sound Control Booth
Area from which technician operates sound system in a room.
Sound Effects
Artificially produced sounds for a theatrical effect.
Sound Mix
Procedure of combining independently recorded narration, music and/or sound effect to single master tape or film, while at the same time establishing tone, volume and balance between elements.
Sound Reinforcement
Use of electronic and electric equipment to amplify the natural sound produced by a performer or speaker.
Sound Wings
Risers on stage right and stage left for stacked sound equipment which allows storage space hidden from the audience’s view.
Soundscape
Atmosphere created with the use of music and sound effects.
Source Language
Language from which a speech or document is translated or interpreted.
Space Assignment
Booth/stand space assigned to exhibiting companies or meeting rooms assigned to event groups.
Space Draw/Selection
The process of assigning exhibit space for the next event based on the exhibitors’ active involvement in the process.
Space Rate
Cost per square foot/meter for exhibit space.
Space Requirements
Amount of stand/booth space required by individual exhibitors.
Space Reservation Form
Form or special request to utilize a particular space.
Speaker
1) The presenter of a program. Types of speakers include keynote, general session, seminar leader, trainer, workshop leader, and “change of pace” speakers such as humorists and entertainers.
2) Device for sound output.
Speaker Platforms
Platforms on the right and left of stage used to elevate sound equipment.
Speaker Ready Room
Area set aside for speakers to meet, relax, test AV, or prepare prior to or between speeches.
Special Block
Small block within the event’s room block reserved for dignitaries or people with special needs.
Special Event
One time event staged for the purpose of celebration; a unique activity.
Special Event Tour
A TOUR designed around a particular event, e.g. the Kentucky Derby, Mardi Gras, or Rose Bowl Parade.
Special Events Company
A company that presents special effects and theatrical acts. This type of company may contract to put on an entire event or only parts of one. They sometimes hire speakers as part of their contract.
Special Handling
Applies to display shipments requiring extra labor, equipment, or time in delivery to booth/stand area.
Special Interest Tour
A TOUR designed to appeal to clients with a curiosity or a concern about a specific subject. Most special interest tours provide an expert tour guide and usually visit places and/or events of specific interest to the participants.
Special Needs
Any physical or mental consideration that requires special alternatives to ensure an event’s physical space, technologies, and food and beverage accommodates those individual needs. Special needs can include food allergies, wheelchair access, signing interpreters, etc. In the United States, see the Americans with Disabilities Act for specific guidelines.
Special-Interest Group
Group travel program designed for persons with common interests.
Specification Guide
See EVENT SPECIFICATIONS GUIDE.
Spike Mark
Tape or chalk marks on studio or stage floors designating exact placement of props and actors.
Split Folio
Billing arrangement where room, tax and other incidental charges can be allocated to two or more accounts. Most often used when room and tax are billed to a master account and the guest is responsible for all other charges.
Split Screen
Horizontally or vertically separated video pictures shown simultaneously.
Spokesperson
A designated representative who has the authority, knowledge, and credibility to speak and be interviewed by the media.
Sponsor
1) Person(s) or company(s) underwriting all or part of the costs of an event. Sponsors may or may not participate in any of the profit from the event.
2) An individual who assumed all or part of the financial responsibility for an event.
3) A commercial sponsor that provides financial backing for an event, and, who in return, receives recognition, advertising, registrations, or other benefits.
Sponsored Bar
Private room bar set up where guests do not pay for drinks.
Sponsorship
1) Donated financial or material support, usually in exchange for recognition.
2) Paid opportunity for entity or an exhibitor to increase its visibility at the event.
Spot Exchange
The exchange rate for foreign currency for immediate purchase/delivery.
Spot Time
Designated time for vehicle or staff to report to assignment.
Spotlight
Strong focused light thrown upon a particular person or object, such as on a stage.
Spotting
Placement of equipment in exact location in booth by using a forklift.
Square Set-Up
Seating arrangement in which double- or triple-wide tables are set up with chairs placed around all sides.
Squirrel Cage
Revolving drum used for raffle tickets.
ST Labor
Straight Time. Labor performed and paid at standard rate for work during normal business hours as established by unions.
Stack
Buses assembled in one location convenient for passenger loading.
Stadium
Facility usually designed for baseball or football as a primary function. May be domed or open-air. Sometimes difficult to distinguish from a large arena.
Stage
The portion of an auditorium or room that has been structured into a formal area for productions or presentations.
Stage Call
1) Designated time and/or number of crew members required at stage for task assignments.
2) Asking a celebrity or speaker to return to the stage after completing the presentation.
Stage Directions
Instructions in the script concerning movements and arrangements on the stage.
Stage Left and Right
Directions from the perspective of a person on stage.
Stage Lighting
Illumination for the platform for performers, musicians, actors, or speakers.
Stage Manager
Person responsible for running the event on stage.
Stage Master
Person at a venue in charge of stage facilities.
Stage Plot
Diagram, drawn to scale, indicating placement on stage of equipment, props, microphones, etc.
Stage Right and Left
Directions from the perspective of a person on stage.
Stagehand
Union labor that handles spotlights, rigging, and scenery for theatrical productions. In some cities, they may also handle decorating tasks, such as hanging draperies at convention facilities.
Staging
1) Design and placement of elements for events.
2) Implementation of an event.
Staging Area
1) A place for demonstration.
2) In catering, an area for preparing service equipment and supplies.
3) A preparation area, usually on premises, where suppliers review orders and organize items before delivering them to exhibit booths/stands.
4) An area near the event site where buses wait to be dispatched.
Stakes
Pointed pegs used to secure the guy ropes of a tent in the ground. Wooded stakes are used for grass-covered earth, steel stakes are required when the ground is extremely hard, rocky or paved.
Stand
European term for booth or exhibit. See BOOTH.
Standard Agreement
Contract suggested as a guide by a national or international union as a guide for adoption or use by its locals.
Standard Industrial Classification
SIC. A standard numerical code system used by the U.S. Government to classify products and services.
Star Rating
One or more ratings of the facility and services of lodging facilities and restaurants by travel publications, such as Mobil, Zagat, and Michelin.
State Travel Office
An official government agency or privately run, nonprofit organization responsible for travel development and promotion of a state (or territory). Often, an office responsible for travel development is part of another department or agency of a state government such as commerce and economic development. State travel offices vary in sizes of staffs and budgets.
State-Controlled Trading Company
In a country with a state trading monopoly, a trading entity empowered by the country’s government to conduct export business.
State/Province Event
An event that draws more than 80% of attendees from the state/province in which the event is held. Less than 20% of attendees reside outside a 50-mile (80 km) radius of event site. State/provincial audiences are less inclined to use air travel and local auto rental than regional audiences.
Statement of Account
Statement of income and expenses following the end of an event.
Station
A banquet server’s assigned area. Also refers to the individual buffet tables located throughout a reception area, with each table offering one food item or representing one theme.
Statistics
Quantitative details of an event (number of attendees, sleeping rooms, etc.).
Stay Over
A guest who stays at a housing facility (hotel, motel, etc.) one or more days longer than his or her scheduled departure date. Also Called OVERSTAY. Compare With UNEXPECTED DEPARTURE.
Steady
A full time employee of a company or organization.
Steady Extra
The first extra banquet servers called when extra service help is required.
Steering Committee
Select group which sets policies and makes basic decisions relative to a group or an event.
Step-On-Guide
A freelance guide who comes aboard a motorcoach to give an informed overview of the city or attraction to be toured.
Stock Exhibits
A predesigned unit adapted to particular use by identification, color, graphics and minor structural modifications.
Stopover
An intentional interruption of the trip that either prevents a continuous through fare or is permitted by the carrier with a through fare.
Storage Area
Space at a show set aside for storage of crates or materials.
Storyboard
Series of sketches or pictures which outline the subject to be developed.
Straight Time
Labor performed and paid at standard rate for work during normal business hours as established by unions. See ST LABOR.
Strategic Plan
Long range plan of action for a company or organization.
Strategic Relationships
An agreement between two or more enterprises to conduct specified business processes in a joint manner. Usually related to technology development and/or marketing and distribution efforts.
Streaming
The software that makes Webcasting work. These “stream” audio and video from a central source, or media server, to recipients on their personal computers.
Streaming Media
A method for delivering audio and video over the Web. Streaming refers to the ability of Web site visitors to access multimedia content without having to download an entire file first.
Strike
1) Dismantle exhibits.
2) To remove all scenery and props from the stage.
3) Union walkout.
Strobe Light
Rapidly blinking, high-intensity light.
Structured Question
Prepared questions, usually eight or ten per one hour presentation, to be distributed in advance of the session to selected attendees. Following each presentation, attendees ask questions from the list.
Studio
Room with a couch or couches that convert to beds.
Style Sheet
A list of special spellings, terms and style points to be used consistently in publications related to an event.
Sub-Block
Any group of rooms that is classified or separated differently than the general attendee block within the Event-Contracted Block (ECB).
Subcommittee
A group of people, frequently including one or more members of the main committee, meeting outside of the main committee, with responsibilities for specific items.
Subcontractor
1) An individual or business, which contracts to perform part or all of the obligations of another’s contract.
2) Company retained by a contractor to provide services to exhibitors or event management; outsourcing.
Suburban Hotel
Hotel on the outskirts of a large city, which may or may not be near local attractions.
Suitcasing
When a company tries to sell its product or service on the show floor without the permission or consent of the event’s management.
Suite
Combination of interconnecting rooms generally containing a sitting room with a half-bathroom and one or more sleeping rooms.
Suite Hotel
A hotel whose entire inventory of sleeping rooms have separate bedroom, bathroom, living room or parlor areas, and possibly a kitchenette or other special features. Also called All Suite Hotel.
Superimposition
Technique of projecting two visual images on a screen at the same time.
Supplemental Liability Coverage
In a car rental agreement, additional coverage for injury and damage claims by third parties beyond the amount provided automatically under the contract terms.
Supplier
Purveyor, provider, vendor, contractor offering facilities, products and/or services.
Support Staff
Part- or full-time personnel who provide services for tasks associated with programs, events, or conventions.
Surcharge
Charge over and above established rates, such as an energy surcharge.
Surname
Name by which all immediate family members are known. Women usually (but not always) adopt their husband’s surname upon marriage. Also called LAST NAME, FAMILY NAME (preferred). Compare With GIVEN NAME.
Survey
1) Solicitation of opinions regarding services;
2) questionnaire.
Suspended Elements
An attachment of devices to the frame work of an exhibition hall.
Switchboard
A combination of switches, dimmer plates and fuses for controlling light.
Switcher
1) Engineer (technical director) who is switching from camera to camera.
2) Panel with rows of buttons that allows switching from one camera or sound source to another.
Symposium
A meeting of a number of experts in a particular field, at which papers are presented and discussed by specialists on particular subjects with a view to making recommendations concerning the problems under discussion.
Synchronization
(Sync) Sound and picture recorded or played back at the same time.
T&T
Tax & Tip. Addition of taxes and gratuities to a price when not included, designated by ++.
T-1 Line
Transmitting data at speeds of up to 1.544 Mbps, operates at a much higher capacity than an ISDN line and can be split to accommodate several users at one time (known as a fractional T-1).
T-3 Line
Transmitting data at speeds of up to 44.184 Mbps, is faster than a T-1 line, allowing performance of more tasks simultaneously at a greater speed. See T-1 LINE.
T-Shape Set-Up
Series of tables set up in the shape of the block T with chairs set all around except at the head table.
Table Tent
A small sign used to identify the speaker or speakers.
Table-Top Display/Exhibit
Small portable display that can be set up on top of a table.
Tactical Steps
Short-range actions to implement a long-range strategy.
Talent
1) Performer, entertainer.
2) Outside personnel stationed in an exhibit booth/stand to demonstrate a product, provide attraction to booth or greet visitors. Includes magicians and similar attractions.
Tare Weight
The weight of a container and/or packing materials deducted from the total weight to determine the weight of the contents or load. See ACTUAL WEIGHT, GROSS WEIGHT.
Target Date
A date set by event management and/or general service contractor for the arrival of freight at a trade event. Usually shipments received before or after this date are assessed a penalty charge.
Target Language
Language into which a speech or document is translated or interpreted.
Tariff
1) A schedule of duties imposed by a government on imported and exported goods.
2) Published list of fares or rates and conditions of service from a supplier.
Tax Exempt Certificate
Document needed from customer to verify tax exemption status in the locale where the event is held.
Team of Interpreters
A group of people responsible for interpreting simultaneously by utilizing equipment.
Tear Down
Dismantle.
Teaser
Promotional piece designed to build interest in an event.
Tech Check
Review of all technical aspects of the production.
Technical Director
Person who calls cues from the control room.
Technical Meeting
An event with attendees who are involved in research, applied sciences, engineering or technology or are suppliers to them.
Technical Rehearsal
Run-through of technical aspects of an event such as lighting, sound, special effects, etc.
Technical Writer
Someone hired by a speaker to prepare scripts, workbooks, audios, videos, or articles on contract.
Technician
Expert in particular craft or technique usually in relation to audiovisual, mechanical or electrical equipment or appliances.
Teleconference
Type of meeting which brings together three or more people in two or more locations through telecommunications.
TelePrompTer®
Electronic device which allows display of script for speaker to read during presentation.
Temporary Import
Exhibition material whose temporary import status exempts payment of duties and taxes on arrival.
Temporary Import Bond
The surety covering articles imported into a country on a temporary basis, generally in lieu of paying import duties and/or taxes. The fee for the bond is non-refundable in most cases.
Tentative Agenda
A preliminary agenda for a program, that is subject to change.
Tentative Hold
A space temporarily held by a facility or venue for a specific date pending a definite booking. There are no consequences for cancellation. See OPTION.
Theater
Facility with fixed seats usually on a sloped floor with site lines focused on a permanent state. Typically a Stage Box is located behind the Proscenium which contains the performance area and the Fly Loft.
Theater Semicircular Set-Up
Seating arrangement in which seats are in semicircular rows facing the stage area, no tables.
Theater Set-Up
Seating arrangement in which seats are in rows facing the stage area, no tables. See AUDITORIUM SET-UP.
Theme Break
A break during formal program sessions with special food and beverages pertaining to a theme and often including decorations, costumes, and entertainment.
Theme Party
Event at which all foods, beverages, decorations, and entertainment relate to a single theme.
Think Tank
A group of specialists organized by a business enterprise, governmental body and commissions to undertake intensive study and research into specified problems.
Third Party
A person other than the principals.
Three Sheet
Bed made with a third sheet on top of the blanket. Also Called TRIPLE SHEET.
Through Bill of Lading
A single bill of lading (B/L) covering both the domestic and international carriage of an export shipment, a air waybill, for instance, is essentially a through bill of lading used for air shipments. Ocean shipments, on the other hand, usually require two separate documents – an inland bill of lading for domestic carriage and an ocean bill of lading for international carriage. Through bills of lading, therefore, cannot be used.
Ticket Exchange
Banquet-control procedure whereby guests exchange an event coupon from their registration packet for an actual event ticket and seat assignment. Increases control. Also tends to reduce the number of no shows to provide more accurate guarantees.
Tiered
1) One or more rows arranged above each other.
2) Price levels of guest room rates.
Time Delay
Length of time between the production of live sound and when it is actually heard.
Time Lines
Includes each task to be accomplished and is the core of the program plan.
Timecode
The sequential numbers assigned to each frame of video or film representing the passage of time in hours, minutes, seconds, and even tenths of seconds. Time codes are used for cataloging purposes and during editing.
Tour Broker
An individual licensed and bonded by the Interstate Commerce Commission to operate motor coach tours in the US and, in some cases, Canada. See TOUR OPERATOR.
Tour Operator
A person or company that creates and/or markets inclusive tours and/or subcontracts their performance. Most tour operators sell through travel agents and/or directly to clients.
Tour Package
1) Prearranged combination of elements such as air, hotel, sightseeing and social events packaged together and sold as an all-inclusive package price, not sold by component parts.
2) To package, meaning to combine elements as above into an all-inclusive package product sold as such at a package price. See PACKAGE.
Tourist Information Board
Nonprofit organization supported by transient room taxes, government budget allocations, business improvement assessments, private memberships, or a combination of any of these funding mechanisms. A CVB (also referred to as DMO-Destination Marketing Organization) typically promotes tourism and encourages groups to hold events, conventions and trade shows in its destination. CVBs provide a wide range of services to assist planners in advance preparation, during, and post convention. See CONVENTION AND VISITORS BUREAU (CVB).
Tourist Office
An organization which exists to promote a city, town, locality, or country to groups or individuals as a tourist destination.
Tower
Structure to which lighting instruments are attached.
Trade Association
Group of persons or businesses in a particular trade or industry. Generally these organizations are exempt from federal income tax. In the U. S., this is covered under Section 501(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code.
Trade Fair
An international term for an exhibition.
Trade Show
An exhibition of products and/or services held for members of a common or related industry. Not open to the general public. See EXHIBITION. Compare With GATE SHOW, PUBLIC SHOW, CONSUMER SHOW.
Trade-Out
A type of barter. The exchange of goods and services instead of using money.
Traffic Density
A way of calculating exhibition hall traffic, based on the number of attendees per 100 square feet of exhibits.
Traffic Flow
1) Movement of people through an area.
2) A supposed or directed path that attendees will take through an exhibition.
Transfer
1) Process of moving equipment and/or people from one point to another.
2) Transportation between terminals and hotels.
3) To copy a picture or sound that is transmitted by one recorder to another, or to make a tape or digital copy from film.
Transformative Learning
Learning that occurs during the second half of life which is directed at attaining a new consciousness and self-understanding.
Transient
Momentary amplitude peak in program source. A pop from a switch or scratched record may form signal transients. Musical transients occur as a result of such things as percussion instruments, piano and guitar. Normal musical transients may have amplitude peaks as high as 40dB above the average program levels, requiring headroom in the circuits and equipment used to reproduce them.
Transient Occupancy Tax
TOT. Tax placed on hotel/motel room rentals. Generally part of this revenue is used to market the destination and may be used for financing the operation of convention facilities. Also Called BED TAX, ROOM TAX, HOTEL TAX.
Transit
Passenger changing planes without going through security and/or customs.
Transit and Exhibition Insurance
The insurance that covers loss or damage caused deliberately or accidentally by third parties during loading, unloading, transshipment, transport, and exhibition.
Transit Visa
Visa allowing holder to stop over in a country to make a travel connection or for a brief visit.
Trapping
Method of consolidating shipments. Usually defines function of an LTL trucker grouping freight for shipment to a particular show.
Trim Props
Props arranged to decorate the set. Also Called SET DRESSING.
Triple Sheet
Bed made with a third sheet on top of the blanket. Also Called 3-SHEET.
Tripod Screen
Portable projection screen (usually not larger than 10-12 feet) with three folding legs and a pull-up surface supported by a rod on the back.
Truck Loaders
Union labor specifically responsible for unloading equipment.
Truckload Rates
Truckload rates apply where the tariff shows a truckload minimum weight. Charges will be at the truckload minimum weight unless weight is higher.
Truss
1) A frame to carry the room of a tent.
2) A structure of steel bars used to suspend lighting or other technical equipment over a stage.
3) To tie or bind something tightly.
TSEA
Trade Show Exhibitors Association.
Tube Lights
A string of small, low voltage lights contained in a clear or transparent colored plastic tube, generally wired to be run by a three- or four-circuit sequencer (controller); used as a highlighter around signs, stages, or entrances. They can be bent and mounted on peg-board or other surfaces to form lighted words.
Turn-Around Time
1) The time it takes to return to your original point of departure during a continuous move.
2) Time it takes to breakdown and reset a room.
Turn-Down Service
Early evening service in which beds are prepared for sleeping. Usually includes replacement of bathroom linens, perhaps leaving the lights on, turning on a radio, or adding candy on the pillow.
Turnaround
An action required to break down and reset a room.
Turnkey Exhibit
A system whereby the exhibit manager turns responsibility of the display over to an exhibit house. In essence, the exhibitor simply ‘turns the key’ upon arrival at the event and opens the booth/stand.
TV Monitor
A type of screen used to show a video image, which has denser pixels (for a sharper image) than a normal television screen.
Tweeter
Loudspeaker designed to reproduce high frequencies only. Tweeters are typically use at frequencies beyond the center of the audio spectrum which, if placed on a logarithmic scale like a piano keyboard, would be about 630 Hz.
Two-Tiered Set-Up
A seating arrangement with a row of seats on low risers around a BOARDROOM SET-UP. A very space-intensive set-up.
U-Format
Professional/broadcast quality video format in which the tape is 3/4-inch wide and can be used to record and playback; not compatible with VHS or Beta formats. Sometimes called U-Matic.
U-Shape Set-Up
Series of tables set up in the shape of the letter U with chairs set around one or both sides.
UL 2305
Standard for safety for exhibition display units.
Ultraviolet Lamp
A black light used to make phosphorescent and fluorescent paints glow in the dark.
Underground Hospitality Suite
Hospitality suite that is not hosted by an official sponsoring organization (liability risk).
Underliner
Plate used under bowl, glass, condiments, and so forth. See BASE PLATE.
Unexpected Departure
A guest who checks out of a housing facility (hotel, motel, etc.) one or more days earlier than his or her scheduled departure date. Also Called UNDER-STAY, EARLY-OUT. Compare With OVERSTAY.
Uniform Resource Locator
URL. A web site address.
Union Call
1) The number of union members hired to work for an event.
2) Additional servers obtained from a labor source shared by several hotels.
3) The minimum number of hours for which a union laborer must be paid, regardless of actual hours worked.
Union Jurisdiction
The limits or territory within which control may be exercised by a union may be of at least two kinds. One has to do with geographical limits; the other with trade or craft activity.
Union Shop
A unionized business in which the employer by agreement is free to hire nonmembers as well as members of the union. Newly-hired employees are required, as a condition of employment, to join the union within a specified time after employment. All employees must maintain good standing in the union as a condition of employment.
Uniserve Property
A hotel property in which the convention services manager (CSM) handles all aspects of the event, including catering.
Up-Linking
The sending of video signals via microwave to an existing satellite for transmission to selected sites or anyone capable of satellite reception for that signal; used for teleconferencing or broad distribution of a message on a national or international basis.
Uplink
The station used to transmit signals from Earth to a satellite (videoconferencing).
Upstage
Part of the stage farthest from the audience or camera.
URL
Uniform Resource Locator. Internet address for a web site. Starts with http:// (or https:// for secure sites).
Usability
A lesser standard of accessibility that does not meet ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG) minimum requirements, but that may be functionally usable by some people with disabilities.
Use Day
Term used as a base unit in calculating occupancies. Various facilities have developed different definitions; one of the most common is use of all or part of a facility by one client or tenant for all or part of one day for any purpose; includes event, move-in, move-out and hiatus days.
USTA
U. S. Travel Association
UTC
Coordinated Universal Time. UTC is the standard used for all timekeeping applications, and the reference time used for calculating all other time zones. In the United States, the national standard for time-of-day is UTC (NIST), the coordinated universal time maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Utility Box
Box in floor, wall, or column which houses electric outlets and other utility sources.
V-Shape Set-Up
Seating arrangement in which chairs or tables and chairs are arranged in rows slanted in a V shape and separated by a center aisle. They face the head table or speaker.
Valance
1) A trip or finish curtain, usually 12” deep with scalloped edge, used to give a tent a finished appearance.
2) A short overhead, decorative border normally used as a light baffle or screen.
Validated Export License
A document issued by the U.S. Government authorizing the export of commodities for which written export authorization is required by law.
Value Added Tax
VAT. A tax that is added to a product at each step of the manufacturing and marketing process reflecting value which has been added to the product by processing.
Value Season
See LOW SEASON.
Variable Costs or Expenses
Expenses that vary based upon various factors, such as the number of attendees.
Varietal Wine
Wines made mainly from one variety of grape. Such wines have the characteristics of the primary grape used. Popular varietals are: Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Gewurztraminer, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc and Zinfandel.
VAT
See VALUE ADDED TAX
Vegan
An individual who does not consume any animal products, including meat and by-products such as eggs, dairy products, honey, leather, fur, silk, wool, cosmetics, and soaps derived from animal products.
Vegetarian
An individual who does not eat meat but may consume animal by-products such as dairy.
Venue
1) Site or destination of meeting, event or show.
2). Location of performance such as hall, ballroom, auditorium, etc.
Verbatim Report
A full and exact word-for-word transcript, in writing, of all speeches, debates or discussions.
Vertical Show
An exhibition at which the products or services being displayed represent one element of an industry or profession. See EXHIBITION.
Vertical Union
Union with jurisdiction over all occupations, skilled and unskilled, in an entire industry.
Very Important Person
VIP. Person who has a special function at the event (speaker, dignitary, etc.) and should be treated with special care and attention.
VHS Format
Video Home System. Video tape recorder and player utilizing ½-inch (1.27 centimeter) tape. Not compatible with beta format.
Video Character Generator
A computer-assisted device used to generate and create letters, numbers and symbols electronically. In simple terms, it is a video image that can also be used to recap key points made by a speaker or supply basic information such as final credits.
Video Enhancement
The enlargement of a video image from the size of a typical consumer television screen to dimensions for large projection screens. Used when attempting to present a larger-than-life image to an audience. See VIDEO MAGNIFICATION.
Video Formats
Type and size of the recording format in which a video presentation is recorded or played back. These include VHS (the most common), Beta, U-Matic, 1 inch, ¾ inch and ½ inch.
Video Magnification
See IMAGE MAGNIFICATION. See Also VIDEO ENHANCEMENT.
Videoconference
A meeting between two or more people or groups across a distance, including video, audio, and potentially other data, utilizing telecommunications or communications satellites for transmission of the signal. See TELECONFERENCE.
Videowall
Array of video screens in a rectangular fashion on which images may be displayed individually on each screen or portions of the same image may be displayed in an enlarged format involving the whole or part of the array.
Vintage
Wine made from a grape harvest of a specific year. A vintage wine is made using 95 percent of those grapes. Wines made from grapes harvested from several years are called nonvintage.
VIP
Very Important Person. Person who has a special function at the event (speaker, dignitary, etc.) and should be treated with special care and attention.
Virtual Conferencing
Any meeting where people at two or more distant locations are linked using video, audio and data for two-way communication via satellite communications or the Internet. Each party sees and hears the other through a TV screen or computer monitor and audio speakers.
Virtual Platform
Virtual platforms refer to the technology used for the creation and development of course.
Virtual Tour
Any tour where people at two or more distant locations are linked using video, audio and data for communications. Each party sees and hears the tour through a TV screen or computer monitor and audio speakers.
Virtual Trade Show
Exhibit of products or services that can be viewed over the internet.
Visa
Permit, recorded in a passport, to enter a country for a specific purpose and period of time.
Visqueen
A clear plastic sheeting used to protect booth carpeting during move-in and set-up of a trade show. Technically a brand name, it is applied generically in common usage.
Voice Over
Announcement or other narrative copy which is “voiced” over the top of film, video or musical programming.
Voicing
Equalization of sounds produced by a system such as a piano or a loudspeaker so that the audio spectrum is produced evenly with all notes or frequencies at the same volume.
Waiter Parade
White gloved servers circle the room, usually with flaming dishes, before placing the food on the tables with a flourish.
Waiver of Subrogation
1) A release of rights to substitute one party for another party.
2) The release of an insurance company right to succeed to the insured’s rights to sue for damages against the tortfeasor, after the insurance company pays an insured’s claim of loss due to another’s tort.
Walk
Guest holding confirmed sleeping room reservation is denied accommodations at the hotel where the reservation is held upon their arrival, and is relocated to another hotel.
Walk Away Clause
See CANCELLATION CLAUSE.
Walk-In
1) Guest requesting accommodations without a prior reservation.
2) Event attendee who has not pre-registered.
Walk-In/Out Music
Music accompanying arriving and exiting guests at an event (processional, recessional).
Walk-On
Music played while a new presenter arrives on stage.
Walk-Through
1) Review of event details.
2) Site inspection.
3) Inspection of function room prior to function.
4) Inspection of exhibit floor prior to opening of the event.
Wash
The difference between number of reservations at cut-off date and the number of final reservations at the end of an event. Can be positive or negative and be expressed as a number or percentage.
Wash Light
Colored light that softly illuminates an area.
Water Closet
WC. Sanitary convenience. Also Called TOILET, LAVATORY.
Way Bill
List of enclosed goods and shipping instructions, sent with material in transit.
Waybill
A non-negotiable instrument of transport that serves as a receipt for the shipper, indicating that the carrier has accepted the goods listed therein and obligates itself to carry the consignment to the destination according to specified conditions.
Webcast
An event that broadcasts the audio and/or video portion of a keynote presentation or other educational sessions over the Web in real-time or on-demand.
Webconferencing
Web browser-based videoconferencing.
Webinar
An online presentation transmitted over the web. Enables participants to listen and interact with the presenter. Take many forms including; Lectures, Seminars & Workshops. An online presentation transmitted over the web. Enables participants to listen and interact with the presenter. Take many forms including; Lectures, Seminars & Workshops.
Well Brand
See HOUSE BRAND.
Wharfage
A charge assessed by a pier or dock owner for handling incoming or outgoing cargo.
Whispered Interpretation
Interpretation by an interpreter in a low voice to the audience usually while sitting next to the interpreter.
White Noise
Random noise whose various frequency components all share the same energy density characteristics, producing the same voltage at any particular discrete frequency over a period of time. This causes a frequency response trend that rises the same number of decibels as the percentage of frequency increase. See NOISE.
White Tie
Formal dress requiring white tie and tails for men and formal evening dress for women. See BLACK TIE.
Whiteboarding
A feature of videoconferencing systems which allows the placement of shared documents on an on-screen shared space or “whiteboard.” Participants can edit and mark up the document just as on a physical whiteboard.
Windscreen
Porous cover for microphones to block unwanted sounds.
Wings
Off-stage area out of audience sight lines.
Wireless Infrared Interpreting System
An interpreting system operated by radio waves and hence without wire or cable connections to audience headsets.
Work Rules
Jurisdictional regulations which govern union craftsperson’s working arrangement, include what work exhibitor may perform, when overtime begins, etc.
Workshop
1) Meeting of several persons for intensive discussion. The workshop concept has been developed to compensate for diverging views in a particular discipline or on a particular subject.
2) Informal and public session of free discussion organized to take place between formal plenary sessions or commissions of a congress or of a conference, either on a subject chosen by the participants themselves or else on a special problem suggested by the organizers.
3) Training session in which participants, often through exercises, develop skills and knowledge in a given field.
Yield Management
Computer program that uses variable pricing models to maximize the return on a fixed (perishable) inventory, such as hotel rooms, based on supply-and-demand theory.
Zero-Based Budgeting
The process of building a budget without benefit of a previous year’s budget.
Zulu Time
Greenwich Mean Time, the world time standard.